Study Guide

Question 1

Insulin deficiency affects

Answer 1

protein, CHO, and lipid metabolism

Question 2

Diabetes mellitus will develop what if not treated?

Answer 2

ketosis

Question 3

Diabetes mellitus causes ______ (urinating more) and _________ (drinking more)

Answer 3

polyuria
polydipsia

Question 4

Rumen acidosis is a

Answer 4

carb fermentation disorder in ruminants (grain overload)

Question 5

When is ketosis common in cattle and sheep?

Answer 5

cattle at peak of lactation
sheep in late pregnancy

Question 6

Ketosis treatment

Answer 6

restoration of normal blood glucose concentration

Question 7

Complex carbs must be hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes/microflora into simple carbs to be

Answer 7

absorbed into the GI tract

Question 8

Simple carbs can be absorbed through

Answer 8

intestinal epithelium directly

Question 9

Carbohydrases are

Answer 9

enzymes that break down carbs

Question 10

Amylase catalyzes the break down of

Answer 10

starch into glucose and fructose

Question 11

What is amylase produced by?

Answer 11

SI, salivary glands, and pancreas

Question 12

Complex polysaccharides are digested to yield

Answer 12

monosaccharides that are fermented to produce VFA’s

Question 13

Protozoa engulf starch particles prior to

Answer 13

digesting them

Question 14

What are the three fates of carbs?

Answer 14

1. metabolized to produce ATP
2. stored in liver and muscle as glycogen
3. converted to fatty acids and stored in adipose as triglycerides

Question 15

What are the 4 steps of glucose catabolism

Answer 15

1. glycolysis (cytoplasm)
2. conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
3. citric acid (TCA) cycle
4. electron transport chain

Question 16

Glycolysis converts what to what

Answer 16

6 carbon glucose to two 3 carbon pyruvate

Question 17

for each glucose molecule in glycolysis, 2 ATP were used with a net gain of

Answer 17

8 per glucose

Question 18

Anaerobic glycolysis (no oxygen) converts

Answer 18

pyruvate to lactate

Question 19

Anaerobic fermentation in ruminants results in

Answer 19

large quantities of VFAs -> energy

Question 20

During the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, during glucose catabolism, the pyruvate transported inside

Answer 20

mitochondria and oxidized to acetyl coenzyme A

Question 21

During the Citric Acid Cycle, CoA is oxidized to

Answer 21

CO2

Question 22

Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of

Answer 22

glycogen to release glucose

Question 23

During glycogenolysis, glucagon is released by the

Answer 23

pancreas when blood glucose levels fall

Question 24

Epinepherine is released during

Answer 24

flight or fight response to provide extra energy during glycogenolysis

Question 25

Glucose storage is mostly in

Answer 25

liver and muscles

Question 26

Gluconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from

Answer 26

non-carbs (lactate), amino acids, and glycerol

Question 27

Gluconeogenesis occurs during ______ _______ and mostly in the _______ and some kidneys and occurs when blood glucose levels are low

Answer 27

starvation situations

liver and sometimes kidneys

Question 28

Glycogenesis is when blood glucose is

Answer 28

high the pancreas secretes insulin and liver converts excess into glycogen

Question 29

Monosaccharides absorbed primarily in the

Answer 29

duodenum and jejunum

Question 30

Difference between complex and simple carbs

Answer 30

Complex carbs are harder to breakdown therefore there are no blood sugar spikes, cravings, or drowsiness

Question 31

Nutritionally important sugars are linked together via

Answer 31

glycosidic bond to form di-/oligo-/polysaccharides

Question 31

Nature of glycosidic bonds influecnces structural