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Animal Nutrition > Comparative GI Anatomy > Flashcards

Comparative GI Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Example of carnivore

A

cats and ferrets

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2
Q

Omnivores eat combinations of

A

animal tissue and plants

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3
Q

Omnivore examples

A

dogs, humans, pigs, and chickens

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4
Q

Autoenzymatic digesters rely on enzymes produced by

A

own body to digest and absorb nutrients

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5
Q

Autoenzymatic digesters tend to have what type of stomach?

A

non-compartmentalized simple stomach

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6
Q

Examples of autoenzymatic digesters

A

dogs, cats, humans, and pigs

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7
Q

Autoenzymatic digesters are also referred to as

A

monogastrics or non-ruminants

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8
Q

Alloenzymatic digesters rely on enzymes from

A

microbes inhabiting digestive tract for nutrient digestion and absorption

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9
Q

Examples of alloenzymatic digesters

A

ruminants
hindgut fermenters

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10
Q

Example of monogastric animals

A

pigs
horse
dog
cat
birds

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11
Q

Fermentation is

A

enzymatic decomposition and utilization of foodstuffs by microbes

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12
Q

Fermentation generates few calories in __________ and __________ and is the major source of energy intake for ______________

A

carnivores and omnivores

herbivores

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13
Q

Browsers (concentrate selectors) tend to eat more

A

digestible plant parts like tree and shrub leaves, herbs, fruit

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14
Q

Most of the material browsers digest does not require

A

fermentation and can be digested by the animal

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15
Q

The browsers group tends to have smaller

A

rumen and reticulum

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16
Q

Examples of browsers

A

deer, moose, giraffes

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17
Q

Grazers are bulk and roughage eaters that eat high

A

fiber diets high in plant celluloses and have large rumens with well-developed omasums

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18
Q

Examples of grazers

A

cattle, buffalo, camels, antelope

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19
Q

Intermediate eaters have feeding strategies of both

A

browsers and grazers

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20
Q

Examples of intermediate eaters

A

sheep and goat

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21
Q

3 types of hindgut fermenters

A

Cecal fermenters
Colonic fermenters
Cecal-colonic fermenters

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22
Q

Cecal fermenters have an

A

enlarged cecum for fermentation
(rabbits)

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23
Q

Colonic fermenters example

A

the horse

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24
Q

Cecal-colonic fermenters example

A

elephant and manatee

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25
Q

Hindgut fermenters have an enlarged

A

cecum and colon with microbial population which ferments nutrients

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26
Q

Hindgut fermentation is less efficient for the

A

absorption of VFA’s released during fermentation

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27
Q

Passage rate through the hindgut is faster than the rumen, so

A

less time for fiber digestion

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28
Q

Hindgut fermentation: Many nutrients like sugars, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals are absorbed in the small intestine and do not reach the microbes in the large intestine. This inhibits

A

microbial growth

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29
Q

Evolutionary advantage for horses and zebras adapted to low quality forages. By having fiber pass more quickly,

A

can consume more food and meet protein requirements on low protein material

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30
Q

Cecal fermenters tend to be

A

small animals (under 50 kg)

31
Q

In cecal fermenters, hindgut selectively secretes fiber and retains

A

the non-fiber components for cecal fermentation

32
Q

After the rabbit defecates hard, fibrous pellets, the cecum

A

contracts and its contents enter the proximal colon

33
Q

Mucin from goblet cells covers the material with a

A

gelatinous membrane and the material is called cecotrope

34
Q

Colonic and ceco-colonic fermenters primary site of fermentation is in the

A

enlarged proximal colon

35
Q

Some colonic fermenters engage in

A

coprophagy to conserve nitrogen when eating low protein diets

36
Q

In avians, ingested feed goes directly to the

A

crop, where fermentation occurs in some species

37
Q

In avians, what is the site of production of gastric juices?

A

proventriculus

38
Q

What do birds lack in their gut?

A

Lactase enzyme

39
Q

Foregut fermenters undergo fermentation in the

A

stomach so they can absorb microbial byproducts throughout the intestines

40
Q

Most domestic animals that are foregut fermenters have

A

compartmentalized stomachs (ruminants)

41
Q

What two animals are non-ruminant foregut fermenters?

A

kangaroos and hippos

42
Q

In ruminants, what is the area of fermentation?

A

rumen (anaerobic respiration)

43
Q

In ruminants, microbes in the rumen convert

A

pyruvic acid to VFA

44
Q

What are the main energy source for ruminants?

A

VFA’s

45
Q

Where are VFA’s in ruminants absorbed into?

A

papillae of the rumen

46
Q

Rumen fertilization also synthesizes

A

amino acids and water-soluble vitamins

47
Q

Ruminants lack what teeth and only a few species have what teeth

A

upper incisor
canines

48
Q

Ruminants have an upper

A

dental pad and lower incisiors

49
Q

How are the molars shaped and spaced in ruminants and why?

A

so that the animal can only chew on one side of the jaw at a time

50
Q

What jaw movements aid in shredding tough plant fibers in ruminants?

A

lateral jaw movements

51
Q

What is copious?

A

continuous saliva production

52
Q

Copious provides a source of

A

nitrogen, phosphorus, and sodium which are utilized by rumen microoragnisms

53
Q

The saliva (copious) in ruminants is also buffered which aids in

A

maintaining the appropriate pH in the rumen

54
Q

What are the 4 compartments of the ruminants stomach?

A

reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum

55
Q

In ruminants, once the food is broken down small enough it will travel from

A

the rumen to the reticulum

56
Q

In ruminants, the reticulum is the

A

honeycomb shaped on the inside and is very tough

57
Q

In ruminants, the reticulum can trap

A

foreign objects that should not have been eaten in the first place

58
Q

The reticulum functions in

A

moving ingested food into the rumen or into the omasum and in regurgitation of ingesta during rumination

59
Q

The rumen acts as a

A

larger fermentation vat and has a very high population of microorganisms

60
Q

The omasum appears to aid in

A

reducing particle size of ingested food and it has some effect on controlling passage of ingesta into the lower tract and some absorption occurs here

61
Q

Abomasum is comparable in function to the

A

glandular stomach of nonruminants

62
Q

Reticular groove begins at the

A

lower end of the esophagus and when closed forms a tube from the esophagus into the omasum

63
Q

The reticular grooves function is to allow

A

milk from the suckling animal to bypass the reticulorumen and escape bacterial fermentation

64
Q

Rumination is a controlled form of

A

vomiting, allowing semiliquid materials to be regurgitated up to the esophagus, swallowing of the liquids, and a deliberate remastication of and swallowing of the bolus formed in the process

65
Q

How many hours a day do ruminants spend regurgitating?

A

8 or more hours

66
Q

Eructation is the

A

belching of grass

67
Q

Microbial fermentation in the rumen results in production of large amounts of

A

gases that must be eliminated

68
Q

If froth accumulates in the area where esophagus enters the rumen,

A

it inhibits eructation and produces bloat

69
Q

The digestive system has its own, local nervous system called the

A

enteric nervous system

70
Q

The enteric nervous system can function independently of the

A

CNS

71
Q

The enteric nervous system regulates

A

motility, secretion, and blood flow in tract

72
Q

The enteric nervous system has more neurons than the

A

spinal cord

73
Q
A

Animal Nutrition (10 decks)

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