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Animal Nutrition > E2: Lipids > Flashcards

E2: Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Lipids are

A

components of plant (vegetable oils) and animal tissues (meat, eggs, milk)

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2
Q

Lipids are relatively __________ in water and _________ in organic solvents

A

insoluble
soluble

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3
Q

What are three examples of organic solvents lipids are soluble in?

A

hexane, ether, and chloroform

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4
Q

Chemically, lipids are organic compounds and esters of

A

fatty acids and glycerol (a 3 C compound) or some other alcohol

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5
Q

Fats are the primary storage form of

A

energy

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6
Q

Fats serve as an animal’s body’s “______ ________” for example:

A

savings account
the abdominal fat pads in chickens and back fat in pigs are mostly triglycerides

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7
Q

Simple lipids are

A

esters of fatty acids with various alcohols

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8
Q

Examples of simple lipids

A

fats, oils, waxes

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9
Q

Compound lipids are esters of fatty acids containing

A

nonlipid substances such as phosphorus, carbohydrates, and proteins in addition to alcohol and fatty acids

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10
Q

Examples of compounds lipids include

A

phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins

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11
Q

What are phospholipids

A

fats containing phosphoric acid and N

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12
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

fats containing carbohydrate and N

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13
Q

What are lipoproteins

A

lipids bound to proteins in blood and other tissues

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14
Q

Derived lipids are substances derived from

A

simple or compound lipids by hydrolysis

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15
Q

Examples of derived lipids

A

fatty acids, glycerol, and other alcohols

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16
Q

Sterols are lipids with

A

complex phenanthrene-type ring structures

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17
Q

Cholesterol is the most abundant

A

steroid present in animal tissue and serves as a precursor for vitamin D, biles acids, and steroid hormones

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18
Q

What are terpenes

A

compounds that usually have isoprene-type structures

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19
Q

What are the largest fraction of lipids in most food materials?

A

Fats and oils

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20
Q

One gram of fat yields about how many kcal of heat?

A

9.45

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21
Q

One gram of carbohydrate yields about how many kcal of heat?

A

4.1

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22
Q

One gram of fat yields how many calories

A

9

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of fats ingested?

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Cholesterol esters
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24
Q

What happens when fats are ingested?

A

they are taken up into enterocytes and packaged into chylomicrons

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25
Q

There are no dietary requirements for lipids except for the

A

EFAs they contain and their role as a solvent in fat soluble vitamin absorption as all the energy in the diet may be provided by CHO

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26
Q

Animals fed fat-free diets may develop

A

fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies

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27
Q

7 Lipid functions

A
  1. excellent energy reserves
  2. Structure of cell membranes
  3. Organ padding
  4. Body thermal insulation
  5. EFA
  6. Hormone synthesis
  7. Fat soluble vitamin absorption
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28
Q

What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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29
Q

Fat soluble vitamin A

A

orange, carotenoids, vision, antioxidant

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30
Q

Fat soluble vitamin D

A

we make it with sunlight, deficiency causes rickets, in milk, regulates Ca:P ratios

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31
Q

Fat soluble vitamin E

A

tocopherols, antioxidants, role in preventing stroke, cancer, heart disease- used as antioxidant

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32
Q

Fat soluble vitamin K

A

contributes to blood clotting factor

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33
Q

“Saturated” fatty acids contain no

A

double bonds

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34
Q

“Unsaturated” fatty acids have

A

one or more double bonds

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35
Q

“Polyunsaturated” fatty acids (PUFAs):
Omega 3
Omega 6

A

Omega 3: third bond from the methyl end is the double bond
Omega 6: sixth bond from methyl end is a double bond

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36
Q

What 2 acids can’t be synthesized by animal tissues so they must be supplied in the diet?

A

linoleic and linolenic

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37
Q

What is an integral part of the lipid-protein structure of cell membranes?

A

EFA

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38
Q

EFA play an important role in the structure of several compounds called

A

eicosanoids

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39
Q

Eicosanoids play a role in the regulation of release of

A

hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

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40
Q

3 examples of eicosanoids

A

thromboxane, leukotrienes and prostaglandins

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41
Q

Prostaglandins are biosynthesized from arachidonic acid and they

A

lower blood pressure, stimulate smooth muscle contraction, and inhibit norepinephrine

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42
Q

What is norepinephrine

A

induced released of fatty acids from adipose tissue

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43
Q

What is the first step in digestion?

A

emulsification

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44
Q

What is emulsification?

A

the dispersion of lipids in small droplets

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45
Q

What are lipids emulsified by?

A

bile salts/bile acids released from the gallbladder

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46
Q

What is the combination of bile salts, fatty acids, monoglycerides, and other fat-soluble substances (vitamins and cholesterol) called?

A

Micelles

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47
Q

Micelles are water soluble and enable the lipid digestion products to be transported to the

A

small intestinal surface for absorption

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48
Q

At the site of absorption, the micelle breaks down and the bile salt returns to the intestine for continuing emulsification processes and this is called

A

bile salt recycling

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49
Q

what are the two temporary compounds formed during lipid absorption

A

micelles and chylomicrons

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50
Q

Once inside the intestinal cell (enterocyte), the monoglycerides area fatty acids are

A

re-esterfied and together with free and esterfied cholesterol, lipoproteins, and phospholipids are assembled into chylomicrons

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51
Q

Esterification is the process of

A

turning something into an ester

52
Q

an ester is

A

any class of often fragrant organic compounds that can be represented by the formula RCOOR’ and that are usually formed by the reaction between an acid and an alcohol with elimination of water

53
Q

Triglycerides are broken down into what by what during digestion

A

free fatty acids and monoglycerides by pancreatic lipase

54
Q

The intestines have a water-fat interface, so FA are emulsified by

A

bile salts

55
Q

Most fats are absorbed as

A

free fatty acids and 2-monoglycerides

56
Q

Once across the intestinal barrier in digestion, they are reformed into

A

triglycerides and packaged into chylomicrons

57
Q

Chylomicrons are too large to pass into capillaries, so enter

A

lymphatic system initially

58
Q

Eventually chylomicrons reach

A

capillary endothelium

59
Q

what breaks down the triglycerides in the chylomicron to free fatty acids and glycerol

A

lipoprotein lipase

60
Q

free fatty acids can be

A

stored or used for energy

61
Q

absorption of fat after a meal is associated with a large increase in

A

lipid concentration of the blood (lipemia)

62
Q

What are major determinants of the composition and concentration of lipids in blood at particular time?

A

type and quantity of dietary lipid and the time after a meal

63
Q

Species, age, and endocrine status also affect the

A

composition and concentration of lipids in the blood

64
Q

All tissues of the body store triglycerides but what tissues are the most notable storage sites?

A

adipose

65
Q

adipose tissue can synthesize fat from

A

CHO and by oxidation of fatty acids

66
Q

energy intake in excess of current needs results in a

A

net deposition of triglycerides (fattening) and energy intake less than current needs (fasting) results in a net loss of triglycerides

67
Q

Why is the depot fat of ruminant animals is less responsive to dietary fatty acid composition?

A

because of the action of the rumen microflora in metabolizing dietary fatty acids however can be changed if the action of the rumen microflora is circumvented by feeding very high levels of unsaturated FA or by altering the proportion of readily fermentable CHO fed

68
Q

The fatty acid composition of the depot fat of nonruminants resembles that of the

A

diet

69
Q

First step in resynthesis of lipids by intestinal mucosal cells

A

activation of long chain fatty acids into acyl CoA

70
Q

Second step in resynthesis of lipids by intestinal mucosal cells

A

Synthesis of
TAG from monoacylglycerol
Cholesterol ester from cholesterol
Phospholipids from glycerylphosphoryl base

71
Q

third step in resynthesis of lipids by intestinal mucosal cells

A

short- and medium-chain fatty acids are not converted to their CoA derivatives instead they are released into portal circulation carried by serum albumin

72
Q

What do lipids undergo in the rumen

A

hydrolysis, biohydrogenation, and conjugated fatty acid formation in the rumen

73
Q

Biohydrogenation in ruminants is the second major transformation of

A

dietary lipids that can happen in the rumen

74
Q

During biohydrogenation, fatty acids with double bonds are altered by microbes to form

A

more stable fatty acids

75
Q

Why are fatty acids with double bonds altered by microbes to form more stable fatty acids?

A

Too much unsaturated fatty acids can be toxic to rumen microbes

76
Q

During biohydrogenation, the position of double bonds is altered, and the fatty acids are converted to more stable

A

“trans” fats

77
Q

During biohydrogenation, lipid digestion in the ruminant small intestine is very similar to

A

lipid digestion in monogastric animals

78
Q

Blood lipids consist of chylomicrons formed within the intestinal mucosal cells during absorption as well as lipids derived from storage depots, such as

A

liver and adipose tissue

79
Q

blood lipids are transported as

A

lipoproteins due to their hydrophobic nature

80
Q

lipoproteins consist of an inner core of hydrophobic lipids surrounded by a

A

surface layer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and outer proteins (apolipoprotein)

81
Q

What are the main lipoproteins?

A

chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL

82
Q

What are the lipoproteins classifications based on?

A

their density and composition

83
Q

VLDL delivers triacylglycerols from the liver to the

A

extrahepatic tissues

84
Q

LDL carries most of the cholesterol to

A

tissues

85
Q

HDL offloads all the remaining cholesterol to

A

tissues

86
Q

HDL offloads all the remaining cholesterol and triglycerides to liver and is marked for

A

excretion

87
Q

Chylomicrons are synthesized in the small intestines from dietary fat and the rest are synthesized in the

A

liver and the small intestines

88
Q

The three major site of biosynthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides are

A

liver, mammary gland, and adipose tissue

89
Q

Liver is the central organ for

A

lipid interconversion and metabolism

90
Q

Lipogenesis is the process of

A

synthesizing lipids as a means of storing chemical energy

91
Q

During lipogenesis fats cells (adipocytes) are

A

dispersed throughout the body and are considered a long-term energy depot

92
Q

Lipogenesis encompasses

A

fatty acid synthesis, adipocyte uptake, and storage of lipids as the body’s “savings account”

93
Q

What causes fatty acid synthesis?

A

Excess energy (ATP) generated frrom glycolysis and the TCA cycle is taken up by the body to convert it to fat

94
Q

Glucose is the key signal for

A

fat storage (feasting)

95
Q

As ATP levels increase beyond the cells’ requirements, the ATP begins to accumulate, which stimulates activity of the enzyme

A

acetyl CoA carboxylase

96
Q

What is also required to stimulate acetyl CoA carboxylase activity?

A

increased insulin concentrations

97
Q

Fatty acids an increase in saturation makes fats more

A

solid

98
Q

fatty acids an increase in unsaturation makes fats more liquid or

A

decreases their melting point

99
Q

Acids saturated=

A

no double bonds

100
Q

acids unsaturated=

A

presence of double bonds (could be two or more)

101
Q

acids polyunsaturated=

A

more than two double bonds

102
Q

there are two essential fatty acids:

A

linoleic and linolenic

103
Q

conjugated linoleic acids are a group of

A

various fatty acids isomers synthesized by the rumen bacteria

104
Q

Where does the synthesis of fatty acids occur in mice and rats

A

half in the liver

105
Q

Where does the synthesis of fatty acids occur in chicken and pigeon

A

all in the liver

106
Q

Where does the synthesis of fatty acids occur in the pig

A

all occurs in the adipose tissue

107
Q

Where does the synthesis of fatty acids and adipose tissue occur in the cow and sheep

A

both liver and adipose tissue are important but adipose tissue predominates

108
Q

During catabolism, fatty acids are broken down into

A

acteyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle

109
Q

Process of FA oxidation (Beta oxidation) occurs in the

A

mitochondria

110
Q

mobilization of lipids from storage sources for energy production is through the action of hormone-sensitive

A

lipoprotein lipase, which releases free fatty acids and glycerol

111
Q

mobilization occurs during

A

starvation, stress, or increases in energy usage (disease)

112
Q

hormones such as glucagon and epinephrine increase and what is reduced under these conditions and stimulates the action of lipases

A

insulin

113
Q

Ketogenesis occurs when

A

low incoming glucose due to starvation forces the liver to make ketone bodies that can serve as an alternate energy source

114
Q

Continued synthesis during ketogenesis leads to an accumulation of

A

ketone bodies in the blood

115
Q

Carnivore diets with under 5% total fat can induce

A

essential fatty acid deficiencies

116
Q

what are symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiencies

A

dull hair coat, reproductive failure, dry scaly skin

117
Q

6 EFA deficiencies

A

dermatitis
growth failure
reproductive failure
edema
subcutaneous hemorrhage
poor feathering in chicks

118
Q

Adipose tissue enzymes associated with lipogenesis are higher in obese than in

A

lean swine

119
Q

net deposition of fat in the body is a balance between

A

lipogenesis and lipolysis processes that occur simultaneously

120
Q

ruminants tend to have more highly saturated fat than nonruminants and the body fat composition of ruminants is

A

less responsive to diet

121
Q

accumulation of lipid in the liver can be from a

A

high-fat or high-cholesterol diet

122
Q

accumulation of lipid in the liver can be from increased liver lipogenesis caused by

A

excessive CHO or excessive intake of certain B vitamins

123
Q

accumulation of lipid in the liver can be from increased mobilization of lipids from adipose tissue caused by

A

diabetes mellitus
starvation
hypoglycemia
increased hormone output

124
Q

Cholesterol deposits in arteries are the cause of

A

atherosclerosis

125
Q

pigs are a superior model for the development of atherosclerosis in humans because

A

the morphology and biochemistry of the atherosclerotic lesion resembles that observed in humans and severe lesions can be induced by diet

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