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Animal Nutrition > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two water soluble vitamins?

A

B and C

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2
Q

List of B vitamins

A

Thiamine
Riboflavin
Niacin
Pyridoxine
Pantothenic acid
Biotin
Folic Acid
Cobalamin
Choline

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3
Q

Functions of Vitamin B

A

-metabolic catalysts (coenzymes) for energy metabolism pathways
- cellular maintenance
- blood cell formation

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4
Q

In ruminant animals and in herbivores, microbial synthesis meets the requirements, while in monogastric animals

A

daily supplementation is essential

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5
Q

B complex vitamins are prone to loss during

A

feed processing

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6
Q

There is no storage of B vitamins except for

A

vitamin B12

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7
Q

Thiamine functions as a coenzyme in enzymatic decarboxylation of pyruvate, which is a

A

key reaction in energy-producing pathways

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8
Q

Due to Thiamines role in CHO metabolism, an animals thiamine requirement is influenced by the

A

level of CHOs in their diet

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9
Q

What is a good source of thiamine?

A

Cereal grains

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10
Q

Since thiamine is heat liable, feed processing can

A

destroy thiamine content

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11
Q

Thiamine requirement is also linked to the

A

energy content of the diet

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12
Q

A thiamine deficiency causes a

A

dysfunction in the nervous system due to its role in neurophysiology

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13
Q

Raw fish and bracken ferns contain enzyme (thiaminase) which destorys thiamine causing a deficiency that causes a neurological disorder

A

Chastek paralysis

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14
Q

Riboflavin is named for its

A

yellow color (flavin) and sugar (ribose)

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15
Q

Riboflavin is relatively heat stable but

A

easily destroyed by light

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16
Q

Functions of Riboflavin

A

a component of two different coenzymes, both are involved in dehydrogenation/oxidation reactions that function in the release of energy from CHOs, fats, and proteins

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17
Q

A deficiency in riboflavin causes a

A

reduction in growth in young animals, lesions in corner of mouth, anorexia, loss of hair, diarrhea in young animals

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18
Q

Niacin (B3) functions as a constituent of

A

two important coenzymes that serve as hydrogen carriers in several important metabolic processes involving CHO metabolism (glycolysis) and other energy deriving pathways involving CHOs, fats, and proteins

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19
Q

Niacin (B3) is present in cereal grains in a

A

bound form and is not biologically available to the animals

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20
Q

Niacin (B3) from animal sources is

A

highly available

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21
Q

Corns contains what that binds niacin tightly and makes it unavailable for absorption

A

niacinogen

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22
Q

Most animals, except cats, are capable of synthesizing niacin from the essential amino acid

A

tryptophan

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23
Q

Levels of tryptophan can affect

A

niacin requirements

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24
Q

A deficiency in niacin (B3) causes

A

black tongue disease in dogs
and poor feathering around the eyes in chickens (spectacled eyes)

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25
Q

In humans, a deficiency in niacin (B3) casues

A

thick skin and dermatitis (pellagra)

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26
Q

Pantothenic acid (B5) occurs in

A

all tissues of the body

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27
Q

Pantothenic acid (B5) is a constituent of coenzyme A which is involved in

A

energy metabolism

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28
Q

Deficiency in pantothenic acid (B5) is extremely rare but can see

A

reduced growth rates,
goose-stepping in pigs due to nerve degeneration,
rough coat,
anorexia,
and impaired productivity

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29
Q

Pyridoxine (B6) deficiency signs are similar to niacin as B6 can

A

precipitate niacin deficiency (convulsions and reduced immune response)

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30
Q

What is the biologically active form of pyridoxine (B6)

A

pyridoxal

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31
Q

Pyridoxal is a component of a

A

coenzyme that participates in a wide variety of biochemical reactions, most of them involving amino acid metabolism

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32
Q

The synthesis of tryptophan from niacin requires

A

vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

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33
Q

Biotin (B7) is important for

A

lipid and CHO metabolism

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34
Q

Biotin (B7) also acts as a CO2 carrier in reactions in which

A

carbon chains are lengthened

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35
Q

Raw egg whites contain a lot of avidin which binds

A

biotin and makes it unavailable for digestion and absorption leading to a deficiency

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36
Q

Biotin deficiency causes

A

dermatitis and hair loss

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37
Q

Folic Acid (B9) is the most prominent

A

human vitamin deficiency

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38
Q

B12 enhances the conversion of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid which is required for

A

synthesis of purine and pyrimidine which are required for DNA synthesis and cell replication

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39
Q

A deficiency in folic acid (B9) leads to

A

less DNA and cell multiplication and affects mitotically active cells such as a bone marrow and skin and this can cause megaloblastic anemia

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40
Q

B12 deficiency will precipitate a folic acid deficiency as well as the use of

A

antimicrobials

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41
Q

Cobalamin/Cyanocobalamin (B12) is unique in that it has a

A

trace element mineral (cobalt) as its active site

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42
Q

What is the vitamin that is only synthesized by microorganisms?

A

Cobalamin/Cyanocobalamin (B12)

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43
Q

What 2 vitamins have a close relationship?

A

B12 and folic acid

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44
Q

Cobalamin is involved in the transfer or single carbon units during

A

various biochemical reactions

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45
Q

What organ plays an important role in the absorption of B12?

A

the stomach

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46
Q

During the absorption of B12, the stomach secretes an intrinsic factor, a specific binding

A

glycoprotein which travels with the B12 to the ileum and is absorbed into a portal vein

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47
Q

What is required for B12 absorption in the ileum?

A

Calcium

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48
Q

The absence of glycoprotein can lead to B12 deficiency, the symptoms of deficiency are similar to

A

folic acid deficiency

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49
Q

Cobalt is required only for ruminants as the

A

rumen microbes will synthesize cobalamin

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50
Q

A deficiency in B12 causes

A

anemia and neural disorders and interferes with absorption of nutrients.
Changing in the lining of the intestinal cells will occur

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51
Q

B12 deficiency in livestock species

A

loss of appetite and reduced growth

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52
Q

In ruminants, rumen microbes can synthesize all B vitamins, therefore

A

there is no requirement besides having cobalt to synthesize B12

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53
Q

Vitamin C is also known as

A

ascorbic acid

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54
Q

Vitamin C has a structure similar to

A

monosaccharide sugars

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55
Q

Where is vitamin C synthesized from

A

glucose by plant and most animal species

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56
Q

Ascorbic acid is required for

A

hydroxylation reactions of the amino acids proline and lysine in the formation of collagen, elastin synthesis, and neurotransmitter synthesis

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57
Q

Collagen is important for normal

A

bone formation

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58
Q

Vitamin C functions as an antioxidant reducing

A

oxidative stress

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59
Q

Ascorbic acid can be synthesized from glucose by all mammals except

A

primates and guinea pigs

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60
Q

Deficiency of Ascorbic Acid

A

Scurvy: impaired wound healing, capillary bleeding, faulty bone formation, and anemia

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61
Q

Coined vitamine

A

“vital amines” or vital to life in 1911 by Cashmir Punk

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62
Q

Timeline of discovery/identification of vitamins

A

A: 1912-1914
B: 1915
C: 1912
D & E: 1922

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63
Q

In 1150 B.C. symptoms of scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency) were described in

A

Egypt

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64
Q

In the 1700s a Scottish naval surgeon discovered that scurvy could be cured and prevented by ingestion of

A

citrus fruits

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65
Q

Vitamins are

A

organic molecules that are essential to animals in small quantities for proper metabolic function

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66
Q

4 Fat Soluble Vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

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67
Q

Water Soluble Vitamins

A

B1: thiamine
B2: Riboflavin
B3: Niacin
B4: Pantothenic Acid
B6: Pyridoxine
B9: Folic Acid (Folate)
B7: Biotin
B12: Cobalamin
Vitamin C

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68
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins require

A

bile salts and fat to form micelles for absorption

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69
Q

Fat soluble vitamins are stored in

A

lipid depots of all tissues (liver and fatty deposits)

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70
Q

Fat soluble vitamins are more resistant to

A

deficiency

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71
Q

Fat soluble vitamins are more likely to cause

A

toxicity

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72
Q

Most water soluble vitamins are absorbed by

A

active transport in the GI tract

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73
Q

Water soluble vitamins are not stored in the

A

body

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74
Q

Excess water soluble vitamins are excreted in the

A

Urine

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75
Q

Water soluble vitamins are less likely to cause

A

toxicity

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76
Q

Water soluble vitamins are more likely to be

A

acutely deficient

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77
Q

What is the biologically active form of Vitamin A?

A

Retinol

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78
Q

What is the plant precursor for Vitamin A?

A

Carotenoids

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79
Q

Carotenoids are the part of pigments that provide

A

deep orange, yellow color of plant foods: carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkins

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80
Q

Cats can’t convert carotenoids to

A

vitamin A

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81
Q

Cats have an enzyme deficiency and need pre-formed

A

vitamin A from animal sources

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82
Q

Carnivorous reptiles cannot convert carotenoids to

A

vitamin A well

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83
Q

Vitamin A Functions

A

vision
maintenance of epithelial cells
reproduction (spermatogenesis and estrus cycle)
immune function
bone growth

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84
Q

Vitamin A Deficiencies

A

Anorexia
Retarded growth
Poor coat/feathers
Xeropthalmia (dryness of conjunctive)
Aspermatogenesis
Still births/decreased egg production
Fainting fits in calves
Nyctalopia (night blindness)

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85
Q

Vitamin A Toxicity

A

Cervical spondylosis
Tooth loss (cats)
Poor growth
Bone fractures
Dry, scaly skin
Skin ulceration/sloughing
Liver issues
Death

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86
Q

Vitamin A toxicity is uncommon unless due to

A

over supplementation

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87
Q

What are the two forms of Vitamin D?

A

ergocalciferol (D2, activated plant form) and cholecalciferol (D3, active animal form)

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88
Q

D2 form in plants after

A

exposure to sunlight after harvest (not living in plant cells)

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89
Q

In the body, D3 is synthesized from

A

cholesterol in the skin upon exposure to uv light

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90
Q

Vitamin D is considered a hormone due to its regulatory function in

A

calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and works with the gut, bones, and kidneys in maintaining blood calcium levels

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91
Q

Asian and African primates can use D2 in

A

plant materials

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92
Q

Central and South American primates can’t use and require what

A

D3

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93
Q

What is less efficiently used than D3 in cats?

A

D2

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94
Q

Vitamin D works along with the gut, kidneys, and bones in maintaining

A

blood calcium levels

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95
Q

Vitamin D affects normal bone growth and

A

calcification

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96
Q

What is the vitamin D deficiency in young animals?

A

Rickets

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97
Q

What is a vitamin D deficiency in growing animals?

A

Osteomalacia

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98
Q

Vitamin D deficiency causes

A

lameness, crooked legs, joint swelling, spontaneous fracture of long bones, poor eggshell quality, and decreased egg production

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99
Q

What can cause a vitamin D deficiency?

A

after long winters,
confinement (pig and commercial poultry)
poor diet

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100
Q

Vitamin D Toxicosis

A

Hypercalcemia
Calcinosis
Lameness
over supplementation

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101
Q

What is Calcinosis

A

abnormal deposition of Ca in soft tissues (kidney, aorta, lungs)

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102
Q

How many isomers are vitamin E are there in nature?

A

8

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103
Q

What is the most active biological form of vitamin E?

A

a-tocopherol

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104
Q

How is vitamin E absorbed?

A

from the small intestines by passive diffusion

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105
Q

Vitamin E absorption is enhanced by simultaneous absorption of

A

fats

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106
Q

Sources of Vitamin E

A

green growing vegetation and vegetable oils
eggs yolks
supplementation

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107
Q

One of Vitamin E’s functions is that it is an antioxidant to protect the

A

integrity of cell membranes

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108
Q

Vitamin E is important for normal

A

reproduction

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109
Q

Vitamin E is involved in cellular signaling important in

A

nerve and muscle function

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110
Q

Vitamin E is involved in modulating

A

immune function

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111
Q

Vitamin E insufficiency can cause

A
  • white muscle disease
  • encephalomalacia (ataxia due to hemorrhage and edema of the cerebellum)
  • Equine Motor Neuron Disease (EMND) an acquired neurodegenerative disorder
  • Skin issues (alopecia, seborrhea, and increased cutaneous infections)
  • Pansteatitis
  • Sterility
  • Liver necrosis in swine
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112
Q

What is White Muscle Disease?

A

deficiency of selenium, vitamin E or both

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112
Q

WMD affects

A

cattle, sheep, goats, horses, poultry, pigs

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113
Q

In WMD, muscle degeneration is the result of

A

oxidant damage to cell membranes and proteins, leading to a loss of cellular integrity

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114
Q

Signs of WMD

A

stiff gait, muscle weakness, respiratory difficulties, heart failure

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115
Q

Diseases affecting fat digestion/absorption can cause

A

vitamin E deficiencies

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116
Q

Vitamin E deficiency occurs most commonly when livestock are fed

A

poor-quality hay, straw, or root crops

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117
Q

Animals fed diets high in polyunsaturated fats that are

A

deficient in Vitamin E

118
Q

Vitamin E toxicity

A

Fat-soluble vitamin antagonist
Can cause prolonged clotting times
Relatively uncommon

119
Q

GI bacteria can provide the needed Vitamin K to most animals through

A

absorption from the hindgut or through coprophagy

120
Q

Vitamin K is readily absorbed through the GI tract with

A

fat

121
Q

Types of vitamin K

A

K1: found in plants
K2: synthesized by hind-gut bacteria
K3: synthetic form

122
Q

Liver converts K1 and K3 to

A

K2

123
Q

Main function of vitamin K

A

needed for producing clotting factors in the blood

124
Q

Vitamin K deficiency can be caused by

A
  • confinement housing
  • certain coccidiostats containing sulfa drugs
  • mold growing or weather damaged sweet clover hay or silage that contains dicoumarol
125
Q

What type of rat baits are competitive inhibitors of vitamin K

A

Anticoagulant

126
Q

A deficiency in vitamin K causes

A

prolonged clotting times
spontaneous hemorrhage

127
Q

WSV serve as a cofactor in

A

biochemical reactions

128
Q

In ruminants and herbivores, microbial synthesis of the WSV

A

meets the requirements

129
Q

WSV are needed daily in the diet of most

A

monogastric animals

130
Q

Horses meet minimum daily requirements of WSV that are produced from their

A

hindgut bacteria

131
Q

How many forms of B1 (Thiamine) are there

A

4

132
Q

B1 plays a role in

A

enzymatic reactions

133
Q

B1 is concentrated in

A

neuronal cells

134
Q

B1 highest levels are found in the

A

liver, kidney, and heart

135
Q

Rich sources of B1

A

whole grains, yeast, liver, meat products

136
Q

Enzyme thiaminase found in some fish and will de-active thiamine and can lead to

A

deficiencies

137
Q

Clinical signs of B1 deficiency

A

Muscle weakness
Convulsions
Seizures
Ventroflexion of the neck (CAT)
Ataxia

138
Q

Signs of B1 deficiency in horses

A

anorexia, muscle, and heart disorders

139
Q

B2 (Riboflavin) must be hydrolyzed before

A

absorption

140
Q

B2 (Riboflavin) is rich in

A

dairy
organ meats
muscle
eggs
green plants
yeasts

141
Q

B2 (Riboflavin) is poor in

A

cereal grains

142
Q

Feeds which utilize what as the primary ingredient are more likely to be deficient in riboflavin

A

corn or soybean meal

143
Q

Riboflavin is easily destroyed upon exposure to

A

UV rays or sunlight

144
Q

Only a few feedstuffs fed to chickens contain enough riboflavin to meet the requirements of

A

young growing chicks or breeding hens producing eggs to be hatched

145
Q

Riboflavin deficiencies can cause

A

dermatitis, erythema, weight loss, cataracts, impaired reproduction, neurological changes, decreases growth

146
Q

Deficiencies of Riboflavin in birds can cause

A

diarrhea
“curled toe” and leg splay

147
Q

What are the two forms of vitamin B3 (Niacin)

A

nicotinic acid
nicotinamide

148
Q

Niacin is the key in psychologic reactions including

A

oxidoreductive reactions and non-oxidoreductive reactions

149
Q

Niacin is needed for proper

A

cell function

150
Q

Niacin is highest in

A

yeast, animal/fish by products, cereals, legumes, oilseeds

151
Q

Some animals can synthesize niacin from

A

tryptophan (an amino acid)

152
Q

Cats cannot synthesize from tryptophane and need

A

pre-formed niacin

153
Q

Clinical signs of Niacin deficiency

A

anorexia
diarrhea
decreased growth
ulcers of soft palate & buccal mucosa
tongue necrosis in birds and dogs
poor feathering/hair coat
bowing of legs and enlargement of hock joints

154
Q

Pantothenic Acid (B5) plays a critical role in bound form in production of

A

ADP from fat, glucose, and amino acids

155
Q

B5 is necessary in the synthesis of

A

fatty acids, steroid hormones, and cholesterol

156
Q

B5 is found in all foods but not enough for

A

monogastric animals

157
Q

Important sources of B5 are

A

meats (liver and heart), rice and wheat bran, alfalfa, yeast, fish

158
Q

Deficiencies of B5 cause

A

low cholesterol
poor growth
dermatitis

159
Q

What are the 2 active forms of Pyridoxine

A

PLP (pyridoxal phosphate)
PMP (pyridoxamine phosphate)

160
Q

Functions of Pyridoxine

A

amino acid metabolism
catabolism of glycogen
metabolism of lipid
synthesis of epinephrin, serotonin, norepinephrine, and GABA

161
Q

Sources of B6

A

meats
whole grain products
vegetables
nuts

162
Q

Deficiency of B6

A

Anorexia
Decreased growth
Muscle weakness
Neuro signs (hyperirritability, seizure)
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
CaOx crystalluria (cats)
Anemia (more common in ducks than chickens and turkeys)

163
Q

Biotin is important in metabolism of

A

lipids, glucose, and some amino acids

164
Q

Biotin is susceptible to

A

oxidation and heat

165
Q

Biotin deficiencies are rare and typically seen if fed

A

raw egg whites (contains a protein that blocks absorption) and with oral antimicrobials

166
Q

Sources of Biotin

A

oil seeds
egg yolks
alfalfa
liver
yeast

167
Q

Wheat and barely have

A

poor biotin availability

168
Q

Biotin deficiency

A

dermatitis of feet and skin
fatty liver and kidney syndrome
cracking of hooves (pigs)
poor growth
neurologic abnormalities
alopecia (cat)
blood diarrhea

169
Q

B9: Folic Acid/Folate is involved in pathways including

A

nucleotide biosynthesis
phospholipid synthesis
amino acid metabolism
neurotransmitter production

170
Q

Good sources of B9 are

A

liver, egg yolks, green vegetables

171
Q

B9 is unstable in a variety of conditions

A

destroyed by heating, prolonged freezing, and storage in water

172
Q

B12: Cobalamin contains the metal ion

A

cobalt

173
Q

B12 is importable in

A

carbon metabolism

174
Q

B12 is only made by

A

microbes found in animal tissue so deficiency can be seen in monogastric animals fed a long-term vegetarian diet

175
Q

Sources of B12

A

microbes and yeast make, plants contain little, meat, milk

176
Q

Horses are completely dependent on their hindgut microbes for

A

B12

177
Q

Functions of Vitamin C

A

collagen synthesis
drug and steroid metabolism
electron transport
immune function
protects against free radicals
stimulates phagocytic effects of leukocytes
protective role against some forms of cancer

178
Q

Vitamin C deficiency is only seen in animals

A

unable to produce their own

179
Q

How are vitamins divided?

A

On the basis of solubility properties into fat and water soluble

180
Q

Define vitamins

A

a group of chemically unrelated organic molecules that are needed in minute amounts for different physiological functions

181
Q

What do vitamins not do?

A

provide energy even though they are organic compounds and are not used for the synthesis of structural compounds

182
Q

What are the FSV

A

A, D, E, K

183
Q

FSV are associated with fat during

A

digestion and absorption

184
Q

Where are FSV stored

A

in the liver and adipose tissue

185
Q

Excess storage of what two FSV can be toxic

A

A and D

186
Q

What is Vitamin A’s precursor

A

Carotenoid (present in plants)

187
Q

What are the 3 related compounds of vitamin A

A

retinol (alcohol)
retinal (aldehyde)
retinoic acid (acid form)

188
Q

What is the biologically active form of Vitamin A

A

Retinol

189
Q

Carotenes

A

have vitamin A activity

190
Q

Xanthophylls do not have vitamin activity and are involved in

A

providing color pigments and are used in diets for plumage color enrichment, egg yolk pigmentation, and aquaculture feeds

191
Q

What are food sources of Vitamin A?

A

cantaloupe
carrots
dark leafy greens
mango
sweet potatoes
tuna

192
Q

Vitamin A is digested and absorbed along with

A

fat, hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase, and is incorporated into lipid micelles

193
Q

After vitamin A is digested and absorbed along with fat, hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase, and is incorporated into lipid micelles. They are eventually incorporated into

A

chylomicrons and transported to the lymph for storage in the liver as retinal esters

194
Q

Once Vitamin A is hydrolyzed, these esters become free retinol and are

A

transported to the blood to the needed tissues

195
Q

Cats cannot convert B-carotene to vitamin A due to lack of

A

B-carotene splitting enzyme and need preformed vitamin A from animal sources

196
Q

Acute toxicity of vitamin A is the

A

ingestion of LARGE dose(s) of vitamin A within a short period

197
Q

Chronic toxicity of vitamin A is the

A

large intake of vitamin A over a long period

198
Q

Vitamin D is called the “sunshine” vitamin as

A

D3 is synthesized from cholesterol in the skin upon exposure to UV radiation

199
Q

What are the two forms of vitamin D

A

ergocalciferol (vitamin D, activated plant form) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3, activated animal form)

200
Q

Why are sun-cured forages and hay good sources of vitamin D in grazing ruminant animals?

A

D2 in plants is formed upon exposure to sunlight after harvest or injury and not in living plant cells

201
Q

D3 is the form of most importance in omnivores and carnivores, however, in most animals

A

D2 can be converted to D3

202
Q

Why is vitamin D also considered a hormone?

A

it is produced in the body and due to its regulatory functions in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis

203
Q

What is a vitamin D deficiency disease?

A

Osteomalacia (Rickets)

204
Q

Vitamin D toxicity can occur from excessive

A

vitamin D supplementation, causing the deposition of calcium in the kidneys, heart and lungs

205
Q

Vitamin E is a term that is used to

A

describe a group of chemically related compounds called tocopherols and tocotrienols with a-tocopherol being the most active biological form

206
Q

What is vitamin E two main functions

A

avoiding oxidation and promoting normal reproduction

207
Q

Vitamin E serves as an antioxidant to protect the integrity of

A

cell membranes

208
Q

Vitamin E is added to foods to

A

protect palatability, decrease rancidity, and prevent destruction of nutrients while protecting other nutrients such as proteins and vitamin A

209
Q

The level of vitamin E in a diet depends on the level of

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids, degree of peroxidative damage, and other external stressors

210
Q

Vitamin E has a sparing action on the mineral

A

selenium

211
Q

What are good sources of Vitamin E

A

plant oils and egg yolks

212
Q

Since vitamin E is highly prone to destruction, proper storage of prepared feed (away from heat and light) is necessary to prevent

A

oxidative changes to fat and to maintain vitamin E levels

213
Q

High levels of vitamin A and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet

A

increase the requirement for vitamin E

214
Q

Vitamin E deficiency diseases

A

Torticollis, Encephalomalacia, WMD

215
Q

What is the least toxic of the FSV?

A

E

216
Q

Vitamin K includes a group of compounds called the

A

quinones

217
Q

K1 is found in

A

green plants (phylloquinones)

218
Q

K2 (menaquinones) is synthesized by

A

hindgut bacteria

219
Q

Vitamin K is absorbed readily with

A

fat in the gi tract

220
Q

What is the metabolically active form of vitamin K

A

K2

221
Q

What organ converts K1 and K3 to K2 before it is used

A

liver

222
Q

K3 (menadione) is the most common version of vitamin K added to

A

animal diets and is the synthetic form

223
Q

Vitamin K is needed for ________, a blood-clotting protein

A

the synthesis of prothrombin

224
Q

GI bacteria can provide the needed vitamin K to most animals through absorption from the

A

hindgut or through coprophagy (eating feces)

225
Q

Mineral matter constitutes what percent of the animal’s body weight?

A

4%

226
Q

8 functions of minerals

A
  1. Expression and regulation of genes and enzyme systems that regulate cellular function
  2. Activity and functionality of vitamins
  3. Osmotic balance
  4. Detoxification
  5. Immunity
  6. Cell membrane function
  7. Acid-base balance and regulation
  8. Structural support and growth
227
Q

Macrominerals

A

occur in appreciable amounts in the animal body and are required in large quantities (>.01%) in the diet

228
Q

List of macrominerals

A

calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
sulfur
sodium
potassium
chloride

229
Q

Microminerals are require in

A

trace (<.01%) amounts

230
Q

List of microminerals

A

Manganese
Zinc
Iron
Copper
Selenium
Iodine
Cobalt
Chromium

231
Q

Minerals cannot be added to a diet in their element forms but rather need to be added as

A

salts that are combined with other minerals (NaCl, CaCO3)

232
Q

Minerals are

A

inorganic elements essential for physiological functions and metabolic processes

233
Q

About ___% of the Ca and ____% of the P in the animal body occur in bones and teeth as a compound called

A

99, 80, hydroxyapatite

234
Q

What is the other 1% of Ca distributed in cellular fluids where they are involved in different metabolic and physiologic activities such as

A

blood coagulation
nerve impulse
cell permeability maintenance
activation of certain enzymes
muscle contraction
activators of the ion channels

235
Q

How many essential minerals are there?

A

21

236
Q

7 functions of minerals

A
  1. Expression and regulations of genes and enzymes systems
  2. Osmotic balance
  3. Detoxification
  4. Immunity
  5. Cell membrane
  6. Acid/base balance/regulation
  7. Structural support & growth
237
Q

What is the classification of minerals dependent on?

A

amounts needed in the diet not in importance for physiological functions

238
Q

Calcium and Phosphorus are

A

structural components

239
Q

Monogastric animals lack enzyme needed to release

A

P from bound form -> unbound P in monogastric diet

240
Q

Ruminants produce the enzyme to split

A

Phosphorus

241
Q

Calcium functions

A

Blood regulation
Nerve impulse
Enzyme & ion channel activation
Muscle contraction

242
Q

Homeostasis is the

A

maintenance of a steady state of circulating blood plasma calcium

243
Q

What controls homeostasis of Calcium?

A

Vitamin D & hormones PTH & calcatonin

244
Q

Diets with improper Ca:P ratios can lead to imbalance, what can occur if this happens?

A

Structural deformities, worse eggshell quality

245
Q

What should the ratio of Ca:P be

A

1:1 or 2:1

246
Q

When is excess P and low Ca common?

A

grain-fed animals and low quality hay

247
Q

Calcium deficiency can cause

A

Milk fever (convulsions & tetany)
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Cage layer fatigue

248
Q

Phosphorus deficiency can cause

A

Pica (abnormal chewing and feeding)

249
Q

What is the 3rd most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Magnesium

250
Q

Magnesium is present as phosphates & carbonated in

A

bone, liver, & skeletal muscles

251
Q

Magnesium is required to activate

A

several enzymes

252
Q

What two elements inhibit magnesium absorption?

A

N and K

253
Q

High protein diets inhibit magnesium absorption in

A

ruminants

254
Q

Abnormalities of magnesium

A

Grass tetany

255
Q

Sulfur is the structural component of

A

skin, hair, wool, feathers, cartilage, and connective tissue

256
Q

Sulfur is a component of

A

biotin and thiamine and involved in CHO and lipid metabolism

257
Q

Sulfur is involved in energy metabolism as

A

CoA and insulin

258
Q

A sulfur deficiency results in

A

reduced feather and wool growth
reduced weight gain

259
Q

Electrolytes must be in the diet daily which infers that they

A

can not be stored

260
Q

Functions of Sodium

A

cell permeability
active transport
muscle contraction
nerve transmission

261
Q

Functions of potassium

A

osmotic force, enzymatic reactions, heart

262
Q

Chloride functions

A

counterbalances Na & K, osmotic pressure, HCL formation

263
Q

Manganese is concentrated in the bone and liver therefore it is essential for

A

bone formation and health

264
Q

Manganese is a cofactor for enzymes that catalyze

A

CHO, fat, & protein metabolism

265
Q

What inhibits absorption of manganese?

A

Excess Ca or P

266
Q

Deficiency in manganese

A

normal tendon but slow/abnormal bone growth
persosis
excess Mn can induce iron deficiency

267
Q

Zinc is widely distributed in animal body and is concentrated in

A

liver, bones, hair, wool, skin, and feathers

268
Q

Zinc is a cofactor in enzyme factors and

A

CHO metabolism & protein synthesis

269
Q

Zinc absorption is affected adversely by

A

high Ca and iron

270
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

impaired cell differentiation & replication (rapidly growing tissues)
skin and feather related conditions

271
Q

Iron is present in all cells, largest portion in

A

hemoglobin and myoglobin

272
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

complex protein represent in RBCs needed for transporting O2 from lungs to tissues

273
Q

Iron storage is in

A

bone marrow, liver, and spleen

274
Q

Iron deficiency

A

anemia
reduced growth
excess: diarrhea, metabolic acidosis, death

275
Q

Copper is required for

A

blood cell formation, component of enzyme systems, complexed with albumin and stored in liver, supplementation enhances immunity

276
Q

Copper deficiency

A

inefficient melanin formation (change in coat color), amenia, aortic rupture, swayback

277
Q

Copper toxicity

A

accumulatges in liver and causes damage
rbc damage -> red urine

278
Q

Selenium is associated with enzyme that

A

deactivates lipid peroxides and is associated with vitamin E

279
Q

Selenium is a what type of function

A

thyroid

280
Q

Selenium is a component of selenoproteins in

A

blood, muscle, and sperm

281
Q

Selenium deficiency

A

soils
muscular dystrophy
liver necrosis
white muscle disease

282
Q

Cobalt is a contituient of

A

vitamin B12

283
Q

Cobalt is in the

A

liver, kidney, and bones

284
Q

Cobalt ruminants have high

A

cobalt requirements

285
Q

Cobalt deficiency

A

aligns with vitamin B12 symptoms and reduced ruminal synthesis of B12

286
Q

Iodine is a consituient of

A

thyroid hormones and 80% found in thyroid gland

287
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

Reduced BMR
Cretinism
Hyperthyroidism

288
Q

Molybdenum and chromium has positive effects on

A

growth, immunity, and health

289
Q

Define vitamins

A

organic molecules that are essential to animals in small quantities for proper metabolic function

290
Q

What do vitamins not do?

A

They do not provide energy and are not used for synthesis of structural compounds

291
Q

What B vitamin can be stored?

A

B12

292
Q
A
292
Q
A

Animal Nutrition (10 decks)

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