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Animal Nutrition > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Water is essential for

A

sustaining life and ranks second to oxygen in importance

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2
Q

Water is needed in greater quantity than

A

any other orally ingested substance and is classified as a macronutrient

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3
Q

Sources of water

A

Drinking water
Metabolic water (produced during catabolism of CHO, fats, and proteins to CO2 and H20)
Moisture in diff feed ingredients

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4
Q

Metabolic water is the sole source of

A

water in desert and hibernating animals

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5
Q

Feed water is the

A

major water source for marine animals

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6
Q

Water makes up

A

1/2 to 2/3 of the body mass of adult animals and more than 90% of the body mass of newborn animals

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7
Q

Within the body, water is the universal solvent that facilitates

A

cellular biochemical reactions involving digestion, absorption, and transportation of nutrients

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8
Q

Water helps with:

A
  1. Interaction of diff digestive juices and food components
  2. Enhances digestion
  3. Excretion of waste products in the form of urine, feces, and perspiration from animal body
  4. Regulating body temp by absorbing the heat generated through diff metabolic reactions
  5. Regulating body temp through evaporation as sweat
  6. Transport heat away from organs through blood
  7. Providing shape to body cells
  8. Maintaining the acid-base balance of the body
  9. Acting as a cushion for tissue cells and the nervous system and protects the various vital organs against shocks and injuries
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9
Q

Metabolic water depends on the

A

type of nutrient catabolized

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10
Q

Oxidation of fat

A

produces the greatest amount of metabolic water

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11
Q

Overall, contribution of metabolic water to

A

daily water needs is less than 5 to 10% in most animals

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12
Q

The water content of feeds and forages varies greatly from

A

5 to 90%

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13
Q

Most commercial diets fed to nonruminant animals may contain

A

7 to 10% moisture

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14
Q

Canned foods may contain

A

70% moisture

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15
Q

Daily water loss

A

Urine
Feces
Sweat
Saliva
Evaporation from lungs respiration
Milk in lactating animals

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16
Q

Water loss through urine serves as a tool to

A

dispose of the toxic products of metabolism

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17
Q

Birds are capable of concentrating urine and excreting it as

A

uric acid instead of urea and thus conserving water

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18
Q

Many invertebrates and aquatic species excrete

A

ammonia

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19
Q

Mammals, many adult amphibians, and some marine species excrete

A

urea

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20
Q

Insects, land snails, birds, and many reptiles excrete

A

uric acid

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21
Q

Urinary water loss depends on

A

weather and on the type of food consumed

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22
Q

Consumption of excess water during heat stress can increase

A

water volume

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23
Q

Animals that consume what type of diets excrete more water in their feces

A

high-fibrous

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24
Q

The loss of water through sweating is high in _____ but low in ____ and ____ due to poorly developed sweat glands

A

horses
dogs and chickens

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25
Q

Water requirements depends on

A

ambient temperature, diet (energy, fiber, and salt), energy level, physiological state, and health

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26
Q

Water intake increases with higher ___________ _____________ and increasing _________ ________ because of water loss through evaporative cooling

A

Environmental temperatures
Physical activity

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27
Q

What is highly correlated with water intake at moderate temperatures?

A

Dietary dry matter intake and feed water content

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28
Q

High-energy, high-fat, and high-protein diets increase water intake because

A

of increases in metabolic waste and urinary excretion of urea as well as increases in heat produced by metabolism

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29
Q

The salt content of a diet increases

A

water consumption as do diets high in fiber

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30
Q

Young animals have higher water requirements per body size as compared

A

large animals

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31
Q

Sheep and poultry need lower levels than cattle due to the

A

ability to conserve water

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32
Q

What is the greatest factor affected an animal’s water intake?

A

Ambient temperature

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33
Q

Dehydration is accompanied by

A

a loss of electrolytes, an increase in body temperature, and an increase in respiratory

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34
Q

Signs of dehydration in dogs

A

Unsteady feet
Vomiting
Dry mouth
Thick saliva
Dry nose

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35
Q

Water toxicity may occur as a result of a

A

sudden ingestion of large amounts of water after a short period of deprivation and is due to the slow adaptation of the kidneys to the high water load

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36
Q

Water quality affects

A

consumption, productivity, palatability, and animal health

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37
Q

Contamination with what is common in farming intensive areas

A

Nitrate

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38
Q

Water toxicity can cause death from

A

anoxia

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39
Q

Iron salts can rust pipes and cause bacterial contamination by

A

iron-utilizing bacteria

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40
Q

Pesticides and blue-green algae can be

A

toxic

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41
Q

Polioencephalomalacia

A

a noninfectious disease affected the brain in feedlot cattle
Water high in sulfate promotes it by a complex interaction with other minerals and B vitamins

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42
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

Study of the balance between energy intake and utilization by the animal for different life-sustaining processes (ex. Digestion, lactation, tissue synthesis)

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43
Q

What is energy loss through?

A

heat, feces, urine, and other gaseous loses

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44
Q

Why is studying energy measurements and partitioning in animals is important?

A

ration formulation and optimizing animal production

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45
Q

Calories are the amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water from

A

15.5C to 16.5C

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46
Q

1 kilocalorie=

A

1000 calories

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47
Q

1 kilocalorie=

A

4.184 joules (J)

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48
Q

Atwater factors
4 kcal=
4 kcal=
9 kcal=

A

1 g protein
1 g carbohydrate
1 g fat

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49
Q

Modified Atwater Factors is used for

A

pet foods with lower bioavailability

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50
Q

Modified Atwater Factors
3.5 kcal=
3.5 kcal=
8.5 kcal=

A

1 g protein
1 g carbohydrate
1 g fat

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51
Q

Gross Energy (GE) is the

A

total amount of chemical energy in the diet consumed

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52
Q

How is GE measured?

A

as the amount of heat liberated when a feed sample is completely burned into CO2 and H20 by a bomb calorimeter (the heat of combulsion)

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53
Q

GE does not have much practical value, as it does not provide much information on the nutritional value of feed and does not account for

A

palatability, digestibility, or other animal physiological factors

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54
Q

High-protein and high-fat feeds will have

A

more energy than high CHO feeds

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55
Q

Feeds with high ash will have

A

less energy than lower ash feeds

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56
Q

Digestible energy (DE) is the

A

energy remaining in the diet after fecal energy is subtracted

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57
Q

Digestible energy represents the

A

indigestible components of the feed that will be excreted in the feces

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58
Q

Fecal loss of energy is the

A

major source of energy loss to the animal and depends on the nature of the feed

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59
Q

Diets containing high fiber may have

A

less digestibility, and fecal loss will be higher than starch-based diets

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60
Q

In order to measure digestible energy, you need to do

A

animal feeding trials

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61
Q

DE is not a true value, it is a

A

apparent value

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62
Q

Digestible Energy=

A

Gross Energy-Fecal Energy

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63
Q

Metabolize energy (ME) is the energy remaining after

A

urinary loss and gaseous losses arising from the GI tract are subtracted from DE

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64
Q

Values obtained during ME reflect losses due to

A

digestion, fermentation, and metabolism of the feed by the animal

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65
Q

ME represents

A

retained energy and supports tissue maintenance and production

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66
Q

Urinary loss is the

A

major one and is the total energy lost in urine

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67
Q

Urinary losses are usually stable but can

A

increase when high protein is included in the diet

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68
Q

Urine is the end product of

A

metabolism, which contains energy in different compounds such as urea

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69
Q

Gaseous products of digestion include

A

combustible gases produced by the digestive tract during fermentation of food by microbes- methane, CO, Hydrogen

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70
Q

In the ruminant, 4-8% of feed energy is lost from the

A

rumen as methane, whereas losses from gaseous loss are minor and are ignored in monogastric species

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71
Q

Metabolizable energy=

A

Digestible energy-urinary energy-gaseous energy

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72
Q

To determine ME, metabolic trials are conducted using live animals, what is used to assess gaseous losses

A

Breathing masks or chambers

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73
Q

Diets with high protein can increase _____ ____ and diets with high fiber can increase _____ and ________ loss

A

urea loss
methane and acetate loss

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74
Q

Net Energy is the

A

ME minus the heat generated by the inefficiency of transforming energy from one form to another

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74
Q

Heat production associated with nutrient digestion, absorption, and metabolism is called the

A

heat increment

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74
Q

Net Energy=

A

Metabolize energy-Heat Increment

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75
Q

HI is therefore all the heat produced by the act of

A

eating, chewing, and digesting the feed and absorbing the nutrients from the gut

76
Q

When an animal is fasted, stored nutrients are used instead of

A

absorbed nutrients

77
Q

HI represents the difference in the efficiency of

A

using absorbed nutrients (fed animals) vs stored nutrients (fasted animals)

78
Q

Heat increment=

A

heat loss of the eating animal-heat loss of the fasting animal

79
Q

NE is the remainder of the

A

“useful” energy after all the losses “available” to the animal and could be used for both animal maintenance and production purposes

80
Q

NE represents the fraction of the

A

total energy consumed that is utilized for production purposes

81
Q

Net Energy=

A

NE (maintenance) + NE (production)

82
Q

NE is seldom measured due to

A

the cost and difficulty of determining NE values

83
Q

DER can be divided into 4 parts

A

RER
EER
TEF
AT

84
Q

Resting energy requirements is the energy needed to

A

maintain normal body functions such as respiration

85
Q

RER typically accounts for what percent of total DER

A

60-80%

86
Q

Exercise energy requirements is energy

A

exerted through muscular activity and exercise

87
Q

EER typically accounts for roughly what percent of total DER in non-active humans

A

10-20%

88
Q

Thermic Effect of Food is energy

A

burned through digestion and absorption

89
Q

Adaptive Thermogenesis is energy used to

A

stay warm or cool

90
Q

What is a disorder associated with energy intake?

A

Obesity

91
Q

Obesity is

A

excess dietary energy intake

92
Q

Obesity is more commonly diagnosed in

A

companion animals and equines

93
Q

Obesity can decrease the

A

QOL and the length of the animals life

94
Q

In obesity, the greater the deviation from optimal BCS, the greater the

A

incidence and severity of orthopedic disorders and cardiovascular disease

95
Q

Obesity occurs when dietary energy

A

exceeds energy expenditure by the body

96
Q

Obesity can be influenced by things like

A

genetics, diet composition, and neutering

97
Q

Treatment of obesity is mainly through

A

diet management

98
Q

Inadequate energy intake causes

A

bovine ketosis, ovine/caprine pregnancy toxemia, fat cow syndrome, and fatty liver

99
Q

What is bioenergetics

A

Study of the flow and transformation of energy in and between living organisms

100
Q

Feed additives are

A

minor components of the animal ration and are used for improving the quality/digestibility of feed and the nutritive and aesthetic quality of food or improving animal performance and health

101
Q

What are the 5 types of feed additives?

A

Enzymes
Pre and probiotics
Antioxidants
Antibiotic growth promoters
Coloring agents

102
Q

Enzymes

A

Aimed at enhancing digestibility or availability of bound nutrients

103
Q

Pre and probiotics

A

improve animal gut health

104
Q

Antioxidants

A

improve food product quality

105
Q

Additives are also added to feed to reduce

A

nutrient loss (PO4 and N) and promote environmental protection

106
Q

Exogenous enzymes are commonly added to the diet of

A

monogastrics animals as a means to reduce the antinutritional effects of the feed

107
Q

Examples of exogenous enzymes

A

cereal grains and plant-based byproducts are the major components of the ration

108
Q

What are the two major antinutrients present in feed?

A

Phytate phosphorus and nonstarch polysaccharides

109
Q

What does it mean when nutrients present are in a “bound” form?

A

monogastric animals do not have the enzymes to digest and release the nutrients to make them available to the animal

110
Q

More than 50 to 80% of PO4 in the feed is present as

A

phytic acid and is not available to the monogastric animal

111
Q

Microbial phytase is the most commonly used

A

exogenous enzyme in the feed for monogastric animals

112
Q

Phytase can reduce the

A

antinutritional effect of phytate and improve the digestibility of PO4, calcium, amino acids, and energy, as well as reduce the negative impact of inorganic PO4 excretion to the environment

113
Q

The efficacy of exogenous phytase is affected by both

A

feed (sources of enzymes, solubility, particle size) and animal (gut pH, retention time) factors

114
Q

High levels of NSP in the diet of monogastric animals are associated with

A

reduced growth and performance

115
Q

High NSP diets increase

A

digesta viscosity, decrease digesta mixing and digestibility, and delay transit of digesta through the intestinal tract and thus are a greater opportunity for pathogenic bacterial overgrowth

116
Q

Carbohydrases are enzymes targeted to act on

A

complex carbohydrates (NSPs) and sugars

117
Q

Probiotics help

A

prevent and control GI pathogens

118
Q

Prebiotics are

A

nondigestible functional ingredients that selectively stimulate the growth of favorable bacteria in the gut of the host

119
Q

What are the most commonly used feed additive

A

Prebiotics

120
Q

Symbiotics may be defined as mixture of

A

probiotics and prebiotics that beneficially affect the host by improving the survival and implementation of health-promoting microbes in the GI tract

121
Q

Antioxidants are added in animals diets to

A

improve quality of feed, enhance freshness, and to increase shelf life

122
Q

Oxidation occurs in feeds and feedstuffs, resulting in the

A

rancidity of fats and destruction of vitamins A, D, and E and amino acids

123
Q

What are the two types of antioxidants

A

Natural and synthetic products

124
Q

Antioxidants have the ability to

A

prevent or terminate free radical production thereby providing protection against reactive oxygen species

125
Q

Antioxidants minimize

A

rancidity of oils while enhancing shelf life along with feed quality

126
Q

Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGPs) are substances

A

administered at low subtherapeutic dosage in the feed for disease control and to enhance animal growth and performance

127
Q

The use of AGPs has risen with the intensification of livestock farming due to

A

increased consumer demand and improvements in feed conversion to animal-derived foods

128
Q

The use of antibiotics, particularly at a subtherapeutic dosage to promote growth, can

A

fuel the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

129
Q

Feed additives are materials used in animal nutrition to

A

improve feed efficiency
promote faster gains
improve animal health
increase production of animal products

130
Q

Natural or synthetic pigmenters to

A

enhance egg yolk and broiler skin color

131
Q

Mycotoxin binders that bind to the

A

mycotoxin and prevent them from being absorbed

132
Q

Pellet binders to

A

reduce feed dust and help pellets adhere better

133
Q

Several animal and feed factors can affect nutrient utilization:

A

Species (ruminant vs monogastric)
Age
Physiological (young vs pregnant vs lactating) state of the animal
Disease conditions
Type of feed and processing
Presence of antinutritional factors in feed
Type of digestive tract
Level and balance of nutrients
Physical form of food

134
Q

Weight gain per unit of feed=

A

total weight gain/total feed consumed

135
Q

Results obtained from growth trials can be affected by voluntary feed intake which can be affected by

A

feed palatability
physical characteristics
nutrient content

136
Q

Weight gain includes body tissue mass, including

A

ingesta and water

137
Q

During digestion trials, evaluation of the feed is more precise if expressed in terms of the

A

digestibility of each of the nutrients rather than it’s total content in the feed

138
Q

Digestion trials are conducted to determine the proportion of the

A

nutrients in the feed that are digested and absorbed from the GI tract

139
Q

Digestibility is defined as

A

the fraction of a nutrient ingested that is digested and absorbed by the animals

140
Q

A fraction of the nitrogen, fats, CHOs, and inorganic elements appearing in the feces is from

A

endogenous sources

141
Q

Since not all the nutrients in the feces were derived from the test diet, fecal digestibility is termed apparent digestibility, which represents the

A

difference between the amount ingested and the amount appearing in feces

142
Q

Apparent digestibility (%)=

A

nutrient intake - nutrient loss in feces X 100/nutrient intake

143
Q

What is added to the feed to overcome the time consuming, laborious, and difficult to conduct about monitoring feed intake?

A

non-absorbed indicators or markers (acid insoluble ash, chromic oxide)

144
Q

Dry matter or total digestibility (%)=

A

100-100(% marker in diet/% marker in feed)

145
Q

Nutrient digestibility (%)=

A

100-100 (% marker in diet/% marker in feces X % marker in feces/%nutrient in feed)

146
Q

How do you calculate apparent digestible energy?

A

By subtracting GE in feces from GE consumed

147
Q

What two factors affect amount of DE in a feed?

A

GE content of feed
Digestibility of energy containing components

148
Q

The true digestibility of a nutrient is the

A

proportion of the dietary intake that is absorbed from the GI tract, excluding endogenous contribution

149
Q

In monogastric animals, in the hindgut, nutrients that are not digested and absorbed in the small intestine may be

A

fermented by bacteria in the caeca and colon

150
Q

Illeal digestibility can be determined with the use of animals fitted with an

A

ileal cannula or by collecting ileal digest at slaughter

151
Q

Because a quantitative collection of ileal digesta is not possible,

A

inert digestibility markers (chromic oxide) are also used to estimate nutrient digestibility

152
Q

Due to the high cost of conducting digestion trials, in vitro techniques simulating rumen fermentation are conducted in ruminant animals fitted with

A

rumen fistula

153
Q

Rumen fistula are used for

A

screening feedstuffs or studying rumen function and metabolism

154
Q

Apparent digestibility measures the digestibility of amino acids of both

A

dietary and endogenous origins

155
Q

True digestibility includes a correction for

A

endogenous amino acid secretions

156
Q

If diets are being formulated to least-cost using linear programming, then

A

apparent ileal digestibility values are the most appropriate as they take into account the endogenous cost of digestion

157
Q

Digestibility coefficients (DC) allow the

A

quantification of digestibility

158
Q

Apparent digestibility coefficient depends on the

A

physiological state of fish and ingestion rate

159
Q

True digestibility coefficient depends mainly on the

A

type of diet and digestive capacity of the species

160
Q

Toxicology is the science dealing with

A

the identification and study of poisons as well as the prevention and treatment of poisonings and toxicity diseases

161
Q

Nutritional toxicology

A

study of poisons/toxicants delivered to the animal via an oral route of exposure

162
Q

What are the two doses response?

A

Graded dose response
Quantal Dose Response

163
Q

What is a graded dose response

A

Individual; characterized by dose related changes in severity of the toxic response

164
Q

Quantal dose response

A

Population/All or none
Characterized by dose related changes in the number of individuals of a population responding

165
Q

Phases of Toxicity

A

Phase 1: Toxicity
Phase 2: Toxicokinetic
Phase 3: Toxicodynamic

166
Q

Toxicokinetic

A

Absorption
Biotransformation
Elimination/Distribution

167
Q

Absorption Mechanisms

A

Active transport
Passive transport
Facilitated transport

168
Q

Primary elimination

A

Primary (kidney-urine)
Liver (bile-enterohepatic circulation)

169
Q

Toxicodynamics is a phase of toxicity

A

that describes the toxic mode of action for a xenobiotic

170
Q

Types of Toxic Modes of Action

A
  • Reversible interactions with molecular sides of action
  • Irreversible (covalent) interactions with molecular sides of action
  • Physical sequestration
171
Q

Manmade toxicants

A

Organophosphates (VX gas and Sarin) and Dioxins

172
Q

Natural plant toxicants

A

Ricin (castor oil plant; lectin (carbohydrate binding protein)
Gossypol (cottonseed-reproductive toxicant)
Nitrates

173
Q

Fungal Toxicants

A

Mycotoxins (Swainsonine and Ergot alkaloids)

174
Q

Mycotoxins is

A

produced by fungi

175
Q

General types of mycotoxins

A

Field (fungi) and Storage (fungi)

176
Q

What is swainsonine?

A

indolizidine alkaloid

177
Q

Swainsonine-> Locoism

A
  • related to genetic mannosidosis
  • depression
  • emaciation
  • ataxia
  • tremors
178
Q

Swainsonine-> Mode of Action

A

inhibition of a-mannosidase enzymes

179
Q

Swainsonine lysosomal form

A

acid a-mannosidase
result-lysosomal storage disease

180
Q

Swainsonine golgi form

A

a-mannosidase
result- high mannose type glycoproteins

181
Q

Improved plant performance=

A

Tall fescue + endophyte produced ergot alkaloids

182
Q

Fescue toxicosis

A

Reduced reproductive performance
Agalactia/reduced milk production
Reduced growth performance
Heat stress complications
Gangrene of extremities

183
Q

Primary species affected by nitrate poisoning

A

cattle
goats
horses

184
Q

Nitrate poisoning slow plant growth under

A

heavy nitrogen fertilization and “stress” of drought

185
Q

Nitrite in ruminants causes methemoglobin formation

A

blood can’t carry oxygen
brown color to blood
animal dies from lack of oxygen

186
Q

Preventing nitrate poisoning

A

Ensiling reduces 40 to 60%
Dilute with low nitrate feed
Increase tolerance
Apply nitrogen fertilizer annually

187
Q

Cyanide poisoning prevents

A

oxygen release at tissue

188
Q

Symptoms of cyanide poisoning

A

severe respiratory difficulty
sudden death

Animal Nutrition (10 decks)

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