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Animal Nutrition > introduction > Flashcards

introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

the interrelated steps by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth, tissue repair and replacement, or elaboration of products

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2
Q

What are nutrients?

A

chemicals or compounds present in feed that support health, basic body maintenance, or productivity

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3
Q

What are the fundamental nutrients?

A

water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals

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4
Q

What nutrients are required by animals?

A

nitrogen, fat, essential mineral elements, a source of energy, fat and water soluble vitamins

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5
Q

What does the amount and type of nutrients base off of?

A

animal age, type of GI tract, level of productivity, type of productivity, dietary components available

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6
Q

Balance nutrition can enhance

A

Immune health, welfare, productivity, longevity

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7
Q

What is the largest portion of the animal’s food supply?

A

carbohydrates

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Why is protein an essential nutrient?

A

Needed for growth and repair

Helps form muscles, internal organs, skin, hair, wool, feathers, hoofs and horns

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10
Q

Vitamins are organic substances designated by the letters:

A

A, B, C, D, E, and K

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11
Q

Two types of lipids

A

Triglycerides
Cholesterol

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12
Q

Triglycerides are found in saturated fats in:

A

Meat, dairy foods, and tropical oils

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13
Q

Triglycerides are found in unsaturated fats in

A

Seeds, nuts, olive oil, and most vegetable oils

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14
Q

Cholesterol is found in

A

Egg yolk, meats, organ meats, shellfish, and milk products

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15
Q

Why are minerals important?

A

Bone & muscle development
Milk production
Skin & claw health
Hair coat
Disease resistance
Fetal development
Nervous system
Appetite
Fertility

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16
Q

How often should you perform feed analysis? This depends on:

A

Number of batches
Variability of feed sources
Cost of analysis

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17
Q

Why is feed analysis important?

A
  1. A good ration should be balanced, succulent, palatable, bulky, economical, and suitable
  2. A balanced ration will increase gain, decrease expense, and increase profits
  3. A variety of feeds will make ration balancing easier and increase palatability
  4. A succulent ration that is juicy and fresh will increase production
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18
Q

Proximate analysis of feeds

A

Moisture or dry matter- oven
Crude Protein- Kjeldahl procedure
Crude fat- ether extract
Crude fiber- acid/base digestion
Mineral- ash
Nitrogen free extract- determined by difference (primarily starch and sugar)

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19
Q

Proximate analysis of feed is based on

A

The elimination of water from the feed and then the determination of five proximate principles in the remaining dry matter (DM)

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20
Q

Determination of DM

A

The most common procedure carried out in nutrition laboratories because plant feedstuffs may vary in water content. You must know the amount of water in the feed in order to permit comparisons

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21
Q

What is the calculation for the percentage of dry matter?

A

Dry weight/fresh weight (aka as-fed weight) x 100= %100

22
Q

Most feeds are around 90% DM

A

The higher the DM the lower the moisture

23
Q

Crude protein (Kjeldahl)

A

This analysis estimates crude protein and depends on the measurement of nitrogen (N) in the test material and is based on the fact that all proteins contact about 16% N or 16g of N comes from 100g of protein

24
Q

How to calculate crude protein:

A

Nitrogen (N) x 6.25= Crude protein (CP)

25
Q

The Kjeldahl procedure measures

A

Nitrogen, not protein, and is of limited use to nonruminants as it does not indicate the quality of protein, but it is applicable to ruminant animals that can efficiently utilize all forms of N

26
Q

Ether extract procedure assumes

A

Substances soluble in ether are fats (which is not entirely true)

27
Q

In animal feeds, ether extract may include

A

Fats, fatty acid esters, and fat-soluble vitamins - all crude fat and all have a high caloric value

28
Q

Ether extract (EE) process

A

Dried feed sample is boiled in ether for four hours and the extract is equivalent to fat since fats are soluble in ether

29
Q

Ether extract (EE) is determined by

A

Subjecting the food to a continuous extraction with petroleum ether for a defined period. The residue, after evaporation of the solvent, is the ether extract

30
Q

Ash is the

A

Residue remaining after all the organic nutrients have been burned off or oxidized completely in an oven at 500 to 600 degree for 2 to 4 hours

31
Q

Why measure ash?

A

Allows for calculation of nitrogen-free extract compared to DM

32
Q

Crude fiber estimates

A

The indigestible fraction of feed or those fractions of the feed that are fermented in the hindgut by microbes

33
Q

Crude fiber is made up of

A

Plant cell structural components, including cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin

34
Q

For nonruminant animals, crude fiber is of little value energy-wise. However,

A

It is important for maintaining hindgut health and microbial population

35
Q

How does the crude fiber process work?

A

Feed sample is dried, boiled in weak sulfuric acid, and filtered
The residue is boiled in a weak alkali and filtered, the remaining residue is dried and ashed

36
Q

Crude fiber definition

A

A sample is boiled with diluted acid and then with dilute alkali, then washed with ethanol and diethyl ether and the residue is subtracted with its ash

37
Q

What does crude fiber consists of

A

Indigestible parts in feed
Lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, chitin, pentosan

38
Q

Nitrogen-free extract (NFE) actually represents

A

The soluble carbohydrates (CHOs) of the feed, such as starch and sugar, and is the difference between the original sample weight and the sum of the weights of moisture (water), ether extract, crude protein, crude fiber, and ash

39
Q

The major ingredients of nitrogen-free extract (NFE)

A

Soluble carbohydrates such as starch and sugars, as well as organic acids

40
Q

NFE is an important nutrient as what source for animals?

A

Energy source

41
Q

Detergent fiber system

A

The concept behind this system is based on the fermentability of digestibility of fiber

42
Q

In the detergent fiber system, plant cells are divided into

A

Cell wall (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin are all less digestible-NDF) and cell contents (sugars and starches which are mostly digestible)

43
Q

The detergent fiber system includes

A

natural detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF)

44
Q

NDF=

A

Hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin

45
Q

ADF=

A

Cellulose and lignin

46
Q

Hemicellulose=

A

NDF-ADF

47
Q

ADF does the best job of

A

Describing the portion of feed it is designed to estimate, which is cellulose and lignin

48
Q

Crude fiber estimates the

A

indigestive portion of food

49
Q

What is the better way of predicting the digest?

A

Detergent fiber system

50
Q
A

Animal Nutrition (10 decks)

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