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Pharmacology > Study Guide 10 > Flashcards

Study Guide 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Anxiolytics is another term you may see when referring to the anti-anxiety drugs.

A

Antianxiety drugs

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2
Q

alprazolam (Xanax), chlordiazepoxide (Librium), diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan)

A

Examples of Benzodiazepines

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3
Q

Schedule IV controlled substances because of the ability to cause dependency

A

Benzodiazepines are classified as

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4
Q

Benzodiazepines are used for short term anxiety relief due to the risk of what?

A

Physical dependence and phycological dependence result from long term used of the benzodiazepines

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5
Q

Benzodiazepines exert their effects how?

A

They exert their tranquilizing effect by potentiating the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory transmitter

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6
Q

Vistaril works how and where?

A

It produces its anti-anxiety effect by acting on the hypothalamus and brainstem reticular formation

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7
Q

Vistaril Uses

A

• Isolated episodes of intense anxiety
• Temporary use for those with severe functional impairment
• Preanesthetic sedation and muscle relaxation
• Convulsion or seizures
• Alcohol withdraw

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8
Q

Vistril Adverse Reactions

A

• Mild drowsiness or sedation
• Lightheadedness or dizziness
• Headache
• Lethargy, apathy, fatigue
• Disorientation
• Anger
• Restlessness
• Nausea, constipation, or diarrhea, dry mouth
• Visual disturbances

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9
Q

Vistril Dependence

A

Physical dependance (tolerance): increasingly larger doses required to obtain the desired effect
Withdrawal symptoms can occur when medication is stopped. Therefore, a gradually decreasing dosage schedule (known as tapering) should be used when stopping a benzodiazepine
The client will display anxious behaviors and request to be put back on or increase the dose of he benzodiazepine. This behavior is frequently viewed by others as addiction to the benzodiazepine drugs rather than a fear reaction

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10
Q

Symptoms of Withdrawl

A

• Increased anxiety and panic
• Fatigue
• Hypersomnia and nightmares
• Metallic taste
• Concentration difficulties
• Headache and tinnitus
• Tremors
• Numbness in the extremities
• Tachycardia, hypertension
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
• Fever and sweating
• Muscle tension, aching, and cramps
• Psychoses and hallucination
• Agitation
• Memory impairment
• Convulsions (possible)

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11
Q

Contraindications to Vistril

A

• Do not administer anti-anxiety drugs to clients with known hypersensitivity, psychoses, and acute narrow-angle glaucoma
• Pregnancy (category D drugs) and labor
• Reports of floppy infant syndrome manifested by sucking difficulties, lethargy, and hypotonia have been seen in the newborn of a mother using benzodiazepines
• Lactating woman (can cause lethargy and weight loss on infant)
• When clients are in a coma or shock and if the vital signs of the client in acute alcoholic are low

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12
Q

Owing to a specific enzyme reaction, grapefruit or its juice should not be taken if the client is on buspirone and diazepam

A

Specific Enzyme Reactions

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13
Q

Vistril Interactions

A

• Alcohol: increased risk for CNS depression or convulsions
• Analgesics: increased risk for CNS depression
• Tricyclic antidepressants: increased risk for sedations and respiratory depression
• Antipschotics: increased risk for sedation and respiratory depression
• Digoxin: increased risk for digitalis toxicity

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14
Q

Anxiolytics are not recommended for

A

They aren’t recommended for people with a history of substance misuse or addiction

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15
Q

Only short periods such as

A

1-2 weeks.

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16
Q

When these drugs are given in an outpatient setting, instruct both the client and family about adverse reactions (dizziness, lightheadedness, or ataxia) that can cause a client to fall and become injured. This is very important when the drugs are administered to older patients.

A

Risk For Injury

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17
Q

Unsteady gait; muscular incoordination

A

Ataxia

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18
Q

What is excreted more slowly in adults

A

• Benzodiazepines

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19
Q

Lorazepam and oxazepam are typically used for older adults because

A

it does not cause excessive sedation and the risk of falling is not as great

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20
Q

Anxiolytics can cause dryness of the

A

mucous membranes & slower transit in the intestines.

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21
Q

What nursing actions would you recommend?

A

Frequent sips of water to relieve dry mouth and provide adequate hydration. Chew sugarless gum or suck on hard candy to reduce discomfort or dry mouth. Administer oral antianxiety drugs with food or meals to decrease the possibility of GI upset.

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22
Q

causes sedation, respiratory depression, and coma

A

Benzo toxicity

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23
Q

Slurred speech, ataxia and altered mental status

A

Signs & symptoms of Benzo toxicity

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24
Q

Xanax: Anxiety disorders, short-term relief of anxiety, panic attacks

A

Alprazolam

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25
Q

Valium: Anxiety disorders, short term relief of anxiety, acute alcohol withdrawal, anticonvulsant, procedural relief of anxiety and tension

A

Diazepam

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26
Q

Ativan: Anxiety disorders, short term relief of anxiety, preanesthetic

A

Lorazepam

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27
Q

Vistaril: anxiety and tension associated with psychoneurosis, pruritus, preanesthetic sedative

A

Hydroxyzine

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28
Q

reverse sedation or drowsiness of benzodiazepine and some sleep aids, lessen benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms

A

Flumazenil

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29
Q

Sedatives and Hypnotics:
Are used to treat what?

A

Barbiturates May be used in cases where a deep, non waking sleep is desired, such as the few states where assisted suicide is legal.

Nonbarbiturates are now used as sedatives in place of barbiturates, because they are more effective in treating insomnia and the adverse reactions are less than those of the barbiturates. May also be used for an antianxiety drug.

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30
Q

Drug that induces sleep

A

Hypnotic

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31
Q

Drug producing a relaxing, calming effect

A

Sedative

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32
Q

With prolonged usage of high doses what can occur?

A

Physical tolerance and psychological dependence may occur.

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33
Q

Sedatives and Hypnotics Uses

A

The sedatives and hypnotic drugs are used in the treatment of :
*Insomnia
*Convulsions or seizures
They are also used as adjuncts for anesthesia and for:
*Preoperative sedation
*Conscious sedation

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34
Q

Sedatives and Hypnotics Adverse reactions

A

Nervous system reactions include dizziness, drowsiness, and headache
*A common gastrointestinal reaction is nausea

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35
Q

Sedatives and Hypnotics Contraindications

A

These drugs contraindicated in clients with known hypersensitivity to sedatives or hypnotics. Do not administer these drugs to comatose clients, those with service respiratory problems, those with a history of drug and alcohol habitual use, or pregnant or lactating women.

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36
Q

Classified as Category X drugs

A

Women taking benzodiazepines should be warned of the potential risk to the fetus so that contraceptives methods may be instituted, if necessary. A child born to a mother taking benzodiazepines may experience withdrawal symptoms during the postnatal period.

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37
Q

Sedatives and hypnotics should be used cautiously

A

in lactating clients and in clients with hepatic or renal impairment, habitual alcohol use, and mental health problems.

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38
Q

Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland in the brain. Melatonin has been used in treating insomnia, overcoming jet leg, improving the effectiveness of the immune system, and as an antioxidant. The most significant use at low doses is the short-term treatment of insomnia.

A

Herbal remedy for Insomnia

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39
Q

Kava is a popular herbal remedy thought to relieve stress, anxiety and tension: and provide relief from menstrual discomfort

A

Herbal remedy for mild anxiety

40
Q

What helps with sleep

A

Back rubs, night lights, or darkened room, and a quiet atmosphere

41
Q

What interferes with sleep

A

Caffeine, such as coffee, cola, or energy drinks, which can contribute to wakefulness

42
Q

May cause memory loss or amnesia. A person may not remember getting up out of bed, driving or eating. These drugs should be taken only when a person plans for 7-8 hours

A

Ambien

43
Q

Safety issues

A

After administration of a hypnotic, such as before for a surgical or diagnostic procedure, raise the side rails of the bed and advise the client to remain in bed and call for assistance.

44
Q

Excitement or confusion

A

Paradoxical reaction

45
Q

Ineffective Breathing patterns

A

Sedatives and hypnotics depress the CNS and can cause respiratory depression.

46
Q

Halcion: Sedative, hypnotic

A

Triazolam

47
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

A

SSRI

48
Q

same mode of action as the barbiturates,

A

‘The nonbenzodiazepine sedatives and hypnotic

they depress the CNS

49
Q

SSRI uses

A

Transient insomnia, Convulsions or Seizures. They are also used for Preoperative sedation, and conscious sedation.

50
Q

Drowsiness, Headache, Rebound Insomnia, Nausea, Myalgia
Neuro dizziness, drowsiness and headache
GI/GU nausea

A

Adverse Reactions Of SSRI

51
Q

venlafaxine (Effexor XR) and bupropion (Wellbutrin)

A

SNRI

52
Q

SNRI Unlabeled Uses

A

Include enhancing weight loss and treating aggressive behaviors, menstrual disorders, cocaine withdrawal, and alcohol cravings, migraine headache prevention, and stress incontinence

53
Q

SNRI adverse reactions

A

Neuro *Somnolence, migraine headache, hypotension, dizziness, lightheadedness, and vertigo. *Blurred vision, photosensitivity, insomnia nervousness or agitation, and tremor
GI Nausea, dry mouth, anorexia, thirst, diarrhea, constipation, bitter taste
Other *Fatigue, tachycardia, and palpation, Change in libido, impotence. Skin rash, itching, vasodilation resulting in flushing and excessive sweating

54
Q

TD

A

TARDIVE DYSKINESIA

55
Q

TCA

A

Tricyclics

56
Q

NMS

A

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

57
Q

MAOI

A

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

58
Q

MAOI Uses

A

MAOI antidepressants are less frequently used in the treatment of depressive episodes owning to the possible reaction of hypersensitive crisis and other unwanted adverse reactions.

59
Q

MAOI Adverse Reactions

A

• Neuromuscular reactions include orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, vertigo, headache, and blurred vision
• GI ang genitourinary system reactions include constipation, dry mouth, nausea, diarrhea, and impotence
• A serious adverse reaction associated with MAOIs is hypersensitive crisis (extremely high blood pressure), which may occur when food containing tyramine (an amino acid) are eaten

60
Q

Foods to avoid: containing
If taking MAOI

A

Tyramine

61
Q

not a true antidepressant drug,

A

Lithium

62
Q

Toxic levels can occur when serum blood levels are >

A

1.5 mEq/L

63
Q

How do antacids affect effectiveness?

A

Antacids will decrease the effectiveness of lithium.

64
Q

Give signs of toxicity:
Level 1.5-2

A

diarrhea vomiting, nausea, drowsiness, muscular weakness, lack of coordination (early signs of toxicity)

65
Q

Give signs of toxicity

Level 2-3

A

giddiness, ataxia, blurred vision, tinnitus, vertigo, increasing confusion, slurred speech, blackouts, myoclonic twitching or movements, urinary or fecal incontinence, agitation or manic like behavior, hyperreflexia, hypertonia, dysarthria

66
Q

Give signs of toxicity

Level >3

A

May produce a complex clinical picture involving multiple organs and organ systems, including seizures (generalized and focal), arrythmias, hypotension, peripheral vascular collapse, stupor, muscle group twitching, spasticity, coma

67
Q

Risk for suicide

A

Verbal cueing: statements of worthlessness or that a “situation” will be over soon.
*Coming out of depressive mood: when a person is at the greatest risk of self-harm
*A “command” hallucination: when “voices” are telling a client they are worthless and should die
*Lack of alternatives: when a person who has relatively few coping skill/support networks has the false belief that they have ruled out all resources available and death is now the only solution

68
Q

Imbalanced fluid volume

A

Serum lithium levels of less than 1.5 mEq/L

69
Q

Give trade name for Trazodone

A

Desyrel

70
Q

Escitalopram

A

Lexapro

71
Q

Fluoxetine

A

Prozac

72
Q

Paroxetine

A

Paxil, Brisdelle, Pexeva

73
Q

Amitriptyline

A

Elavil

74
Q

Phenelzine

A

Nardil

75
Q

characterized by disordered thinking, perceptual disturbance, behavioral abnormality, affective problems, and impaired socialization.

A

schizophrenia

76
Q

drugs act on the dopamine receptors of the brain.

A

Antipsychotic

77
Q

Endocrine Changes (SGA)

A

Weight gain
Increased cholesterol, triglyceride, and blood sugar levels

78
Q

extreme restlessness and increased motor activity

A

Akathisia

79
Q

(EPS) refers to a group of adverse reactions affecting the extrapyramidal portion of the nervous system as a result of antipsychotic drugs.

A

Extrapyramidal Syndrome

80
Q

(TD) is a syndrome consisting of potentially irreversible, involuntary movements.

A

Tardive Dyskinesia

81
Q

abnormal condition of the blood cells

A

Blood dyscrasias

82
Q

decrease or lack of granulocytes (a type of white blood cell [WBC])

A

agranulocytosis

83
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

Thorazine and Largactil

84
Q

Fluphenazine

A

Modecate

85
Q

Haloperidol

A

Haldol

86
Q

Olanzapine

A

Zyprexa

87
Q

Quetiapine

A

Seroquel

88
Q

Risperidone

A

Risperdal

89
Q

Seizure control

A

Hydantoins

90
Q

increase the levels of gamma (γ)-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which stabilizes cell membranes.

A

Carboxylic Acid

91
Q

How would you treat status epilepticus?

A

an emergency characterized by continual seizure activity with no interruptions) can occur. Lorazepam (Ativan) is the drug of choice for this condition.

92
Q

Epilepsy, migraine headache, mania

A

Depakote: valproic acid

93
Q

Epilepsy, bipolar disorder, trigeminal/postherpetic neuralgia

A

Tegretol: carBAMazepine

94
Q

Focal/tonic–clonic seizures, migraine headache

A

Topamax: topiramate

95
Q

Phenytoin is contraindicated in clients with sinus bradycardia, sinoatrial block, Adams–Stokes syndrome, and second- and third-degree atrioventricular block

A

Antiepileptics Contraindication

Pharmacology (15 decks)

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