Study Designs for Healthcare Flashcards

1
Q

What is a descriptive study and what are the applications of descriptive studies?

A
  • A study that describes the characteristics of a population, phenomenon etc.
  • To describe ‘who, where, when and how much’ (relating to disease).
  • Hypothesis generation
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2
Q

What is a case report?

What about a case series?

A
  • Case report: A detailed report of an unusual disease in a single patient.
  • Case series: A detailed report of an unusual disease in several patients.
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3
Q

What are the applications of a case report / series?

A

Hypothesis generation.

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4
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

A study in which information is collected in a defined population at one point in time.

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5
Q

What is an ecological study?

A
  • A study that uses data from population groups to compare disease frequencies.
  • Either in the same population at different points in time, or between different populations at the same period in time.
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6
Q

What is an analytical study?

What are the types of analytical study?

A
  • Studies used to test hypotheses concerning the relationship between a suspected risk factor and an outcome.
  • Types of analytical study include observational and interventional.
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7
Q

What is the difference between an observational and interventional study?

A

In an observational study, the researcher is an observer of the outcomes, whereas in an interventional study, the researcher allocates exposure.

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8
Q

What are observational studies used for?

What is the question of observational studies?

A
  • Used for aetiological investigations.

- Question: Does exposure to a factor result in disease?

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9
Q

What are the types of observational study?

A

Case control and cohort studies.

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10
Q

What is the difference between a case control study and a cohort study?

A
  • In a case control study, the study starts with the identification of the disease and exposure is measured retrospectively.
  • In a cohort study, the study starts with the identification of the exposure and disease is measured prospectively.
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11
Q

What are the types of interventional study?

A

Clinical trials and randomised control trials (RCTs).

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12
Q

What is a randomised control trial?

A

A study in which participants are randomised either to receive the new intervention being tested or a control treatment (standard treatment or placebo).

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13
Q

What is a qualitative study?

A

A study that explores people’s subjective understandings of their lives and experiences.

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14
Q

List 3 methods that might be used to conduct a qualitative study.

A

1 - Direct observation.

2 - Interviews.

3 - Focus groups.

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