Development Through the Lifespan: Ageing Flashcards
Describe the types of ageing.
- Primary (natural decline).
- Secondary (results from lifestyle and environmental factors).
What types of changes happen after puberty?
1 - Cognitive changes.
2 - Social Changes.
3 - Physical changes.
4 - Sexual changes (fertility).
Which hormones cause menopause?
How do they change at menopause?
A decline in oestrogen and endorphins.
List 2 primary symptoms and 4 secondary symptoms of menopause.
- Primary: hot flushes and night sweats.
- Secondary: Vaginal dryness, depression, somatic symptoms, fatigue.
What is a possible treatment for menopause?
How might menopause be managed?
- Hormone replacement therapy (used less today).
- Lifestyle implicated in occurrence as well as management (diet, exercise, body fat etc.).
On the cellular level, what 4 factors cause ageing?
1 - Hayflick limit.
2 - Cross linking.
3 - Free radicals.
4 - DNA.
What is the Hayflick limit?
The limit to the number of times cells can divide (divisions decrease with age).
What is cross linking?
Where proteins in cells interact to produce different molecules that make the body stiffer. This increases with age.
How do free radicals cause ageing?
Free radicals interact with molecules to cause cellular damage and organ failure.
What is the DNA damage theory of ageing?
The DNA damage theory of ageing proposes that aging is a consequence of unrepaired accumulation of naturally occurring DNA damages.
List 4 ways in which the brain changes with age.
1 - Dendrite degeneration.
2 - Neurofibrillary tangles.
3 - Formation of neuritic plaques.
4 - Decline of senses (although not just the brain).
How does the cardiovascular system change with age?
- Accumulation of fat deposits.
- Stiffening of walls of arteries due to tissue changes.
How does the respiratory system change with age?
Stiffening of the ribcage and passageways.
How does appearance and movement change with age?
- Decline of skin and muscle tissue.
- Decline of bone mass.
How does immune function change with age?
- Reduced production of B and T cells in bone marrow and thymus.
- Diminished function of mature lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues.