Development Through the Lifespan: Ageing Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the types of ageing.

A
  • Primary (natural decline).

- Secondary (results from lifestyle and environmental factors).

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2
Q

What types of changes happen after puberty?

A

1 - Cognitive changes.

2 - Social Changes.

3 - Physical changes.

4 - Sexual changes (fertility).

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3
Q

Which hormones cause menopause?

How do they change at menopause?

A

A decline in oestrogen and endorphins.

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4
Q

List 2 primary symptoms and 4 secondary symptoms of menopause.

A
  • Primary: hot flushes and night sweats.

- Secondary: Vaginal dryness, depression, somatic symptoms, fatigue.

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5
Q

What is a possible treatment for menopause?

How might menopause be managed?

A
  • Hormone replacement therapy (used less today).

- Lifestyle implicated in occurrence as well as management (diet, exercise, body fat etc.).

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6
Q

On the cellular level, what 4 factors cause ageing?

A

1 - Hayflick limit.

2 - Cross linking.

3 - Free radicals.

4 - DNA.

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7
Q

What is the Hayflick limit?

A

The limit to the number of times cells can divide (divisions decrease with age).

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8
Q

What is cross linking?

A

Where proteins in cells interact to produce different molecules that make the body stiffer. This increases with age.

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9
Q

How do free radicals cause ageing?

A

Free radicals interact with molecules to cause cellular damage and organ failure.

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10
Q

What is the DNA damage theory of ageing?

A

The DNA damage theory of ageing proposes that aging is a consequence of unrepaired accumulation of naturally occurring DNA damages.

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11
Q

List 4 ways in which the brain changes with age.

A

1 - Dendrite degeneration.

2 - Neurofibrillary tangles.

3 - Formation of neuritic plaques.

4 - Decline of senses (although not just the brain).

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12
Q

How does the cardiovascular system change with age?

A
  • Accumulation of fat deposits.

- Stiffening of walls of arteries due to tissue changes.

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13
Q

How does the respiratory system change with age?

A

Stiffening of the ribcage and passageways.

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14
Q

How does appearance and movement change with age?

A
  • Decline of skin and muscle tissue.

- Decline of bone mass.

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15
Q

How does immune function change with age?

A
  • Reduced production of B and T cells in bone marrow and thymus.
  • Diminished function of mature lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues.
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16
Q

List 6 psychological and cognitive changes that occur with age.

A

1 - Information processing (e.g. language and memory).

2 - Attention.

3 - Psychomotor speed (e.g. reaction time).

4 - Mental and psycho-social health concerns.

5 - Organic mental disorders (due to medical or physical illness).

6 - Changing relationships.

17
Q

What is dementia?

In which group of people is it most common?

A
  • A group of diseases, including Alzheimer’s.

- Highest prevalence in the elderly.

18
Q

Which microscopic changes are characteristic of dementia?

A

1 - Neurofibrillary tangles (aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein).

2 - Neuritic plaques (deposits of amyloid beta protein).

19
Q

List 6 characteristics of dementia.

A

1 - Communication difficulties.

2 - Spatial and temporal disorientation.

3 - Aberrant behaviours.

4 - Incontinence.

5 - Memory loss.

6 - Personality changes.