Aggression Flashcards

1
Q

Define aggression.

A
  • Behaviour that is intended to injure a person or to destroy property.
  • ‘who does not wish to be harmed’.
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2
Q

What is violence?

A

Aggression that has extreme physical harm.

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3
Q

List 5 types of aggression.

A

1 - Hostile / impulsive aggression.

2 - Instrumental aggression.

3 - Proactive aggression.

4 - Reactive aggression.

5 - Relational aggression.

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4
Q

Define hostile / impulsive aggression.

A

Aggression aimed solely at hurting another (excluding self-defence).

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5
Q

Define instrumental aggression.

A
  • Aggression used as a means to an end / goal.

- Often controlled, planned / premeditated.

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6
Q

Define proactive and reactive aggression.

A

Reactive aggression is an impulsive and provoked, whereas proactive aggression is not.

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7
Q

Define relational aggression.

A

Hostile aggression that does damage to another’s peer relationships.

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8
Q

Give an example of two opposing theories for aggression.

A

The psychoanalytic theory (Freud) vs the social learning theory (Bandura). (nature vs nurture).

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9
Q

What is the psychoanalytic theory in regards to aggression?

A
  • Aggression is an innate drive (this is an ethological theory).
  • When expression of natural (e.g. sexual) instincts are frustrated, an aggressive drive is induced.
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10
Q

What is the social learning theory in regards to aggression?

A

Aggression is a learned response.

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11
Q

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis (a revised Berkowitz theory)?

A
  • Aggression is a consequence of frustration.

- The existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression.

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12
Q

What is the aggressive cue theory (Berkowitz)?

A
  • Frustration produces anger, which leads to aggression because frustration is psychologically painful, and anything that is psychologically or physically painful can lead to aggression.
  • For psychological pain to be converted into aggression, cues are needed.
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13
Q

What are Lorenz’s theories about aggression?

A
  • Ethological perspective:
  • Aggression is a fighting instinct inter- and intra-species.
  • It is important in evolutionary development as it allows for successful reproduction by promoting dominance.
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14
Q

What is Bandura’s social learning theory?

A
  • Aggressive behaviours are affected by:

1 - Past learning.

2 - Current rewards and punishments.

3 - Social and environmental factors.

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15
Q

According to Bandura’s social learning theory, how are aggressive behaviours learnt?

A
  • Through observational learning.

- Through reinforcement and imitation of aggressive people / models.

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16
Q

What is Anderson and Bushman’s general aggression model?

A

A framework for aggression that considers the role of social, cognitive, personality, developmental and biological factors on aggression.

17
Q

Define deindividuation.

A
  • Certain group situations can minimise people’s identities, reduce their sense of public accountability and produce aggressive or unusual behaviour.
  • e.g. group size (riots) or anonymity (electric shock experiment).
18
Q

Why might deindividuation not lead to aggressive behaviour?

A

Although personal identity might be reduced, deindividuation can enhance group identity.

  • Deindividuation may increase identification with a non-aggressive personality, leading individuals to conform to perceived expected behaviour.
19
Q

List 5 factors that might explain individual differences in aggression.

A

1 - Self-esteem.

2 - Sensation-seeking.

3 - Impulsivity.

4 - Culture.

5 - Environment.

20
Q

How does aggression differ between men and women?

A

Generally, men display overt aggression whereas women display relational aggression.

21
Q

How do the health consequences of overt aggression differ between men and women?

A
  • In men, overt aggression predicts increased alcohol use.

- In women, overt aggression predicts greater social anxiety, loneliness, depression and alcohol / drug use.

22
Q

Which 6 neuroanatomical areas are involved in aggression?

A

1 - Prefrontal areas, e.g. orbitofrontal cortex.

2 - Amygdala (greater volume = increased aggression!).

3 - Hippocampus.

4 - Hypothalamus.

5 - Anterior cingulate cortex.

6 - Insula.

23
Q

List 5 hormones and / or neuromodulators that are involved in aggression.

List the relative concentrations at which they tend to promote aggressive behaviours.

A

1 - Serotonin (low).

2 - Testosterone (high, before birth and in early childhood).

3 - Cortisol (low).

4 - Dopamine (high).

5 - Noradrenaline (high).

24
Q

List 4 ways in which brain functioning can affect aggression.

A

1 - Increased arousal interferes with ability to think.

2 - Decreased ability to inhibit impulses.

3 - Impairment of attention, concentration, memory and higher mental processes.

4 - Misinterpretation of external stimuli and events.

25
Q

Why might reduced GABA, enhanced glutamate and enhanced acetylcholine increase aggression?

A

Can lead to:

1 - Hyperactivity of amygdala.

2 - Emotional hypersensitivity.

26
Q

What is the MAOA gene?

A
  • The ‘warrior gene’, a gene encoding the mitochondrial enzyme monoamine oxidase A.
  • MAOA catalyses the oxidative deamination of amines such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin to deactivate them.
27
Q

What relevance might the MAOA gene have on aggression?

A
  • A high activity MAOA gene has been shown to reduce aggression.
  • High activity MAOA means more deamination / deactivation of e.g. dopamine and noradrenaline.
28
Q

What is Brunner syndrome?

A
  • MAOA deficiency.

- Low IQ, impulsivity, hypersexuality, violenze.

29
Q

How do the amygdala and insula differ from the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex in terms of their roles in aggression?

A
  • The amygdala and insula act as the ‘bottom-up drive’ / trigger for aggression.
  • The orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex act as the ‘top-down brakes’ / suppressors and regulators of aggression.
30
Q

List 7 warning signs of aggressive behaviour.

A

1 - Irritability.

2 - Fast speech.

3 - Restless pacing.

4 - Loud voice.

5 - Glaring eyes.

6 - Verbal threats.

7 - Intrusion into others’ personal space.