Aggression Flashcards
Define aggression.
- Behaviour that is intended to injure a person or to destroy property.
- ‘who does not wish to be harmed’.
What is violence?
Aggression that has extreme physical harm.
List 5 types of aggression.
1 - Hostile / impulsive aggression.
2 - Instrumental aggression.
3 - Proactive aggression.
4 - Reactive aggression.
5 - Relational aggression.
Define hostile / impulsive aggression.
Aggression aimed solely at hurting another (excluding self-defence).
Define instrumental aggression.
- Aggression used as a means to an end / goal.
- Often controlled, planned / premeditated.
Define proactive and reactive aggression.
Reactive aggression is an impulsive and provoked, whereas proactive aggression is not.
Define relational aggression.
Hostile aggression that does damage to another’s peer relationships.
Give an example of two opposing theories for aggression.
The psychoanalytic theory (Freud) vs the social learning theory (Bandura). (nature vs nurture).
What is the psychoanalytic theory in regards to aggression?
- Aggression is an innate drive (this is an ethological theory).
- When expression of natural (e.g. sexual) instincts are frustrated, an aggressive drive is induced.
What is the social learning theory in regards to aggression?
Aggression is a learned response.
What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis (a revised Berkowitz theory)?
- Aggression is a consequence of frustration.
- The existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression.
What is the aggressive cue theory (Berkowitz)?
- Frustration produces anger, which leads to aggression because frustration is psychologically painful, and anything that is psychologically or physically painful can lead to aggression.
- For psychological pain to be converted into aggression, cues are needed.
What are Lorenz’s theories about aggression?
- Ethological perspective:
- Aggression is a fighting instinct inter- and intra-species.
- It is important in evolutionary development as it allows for successful reproduction by promoting dominance.
What is Bandura’s social learning theory?
- Aggressive behaviours are affected by:
1 - Past learning.
2 - Current rewards and punishments.
3 - Social and environmental factors.
According to Bandura’s social learning theory, how are aggressive behaviours learnt?
- Through observational learning.
- Through reinforcement and imitation of aggressive people / models.