Stereotyping and Labelling Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hogg and Vaughan’s definition of stereotyping?

A

Widely shared assumptions about the personalities, attitudes and behaviour of people based on group membership, for example ethnicity, nationality, sex, race and class.

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2
Q

What is Allport’s definition of stereotyping?

A

Categories about people… shortcuts to thinking.

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3
Q

What is Tajfel’s definition of stereotyping?

A

The product of quite normal cognitive processes common to all individuals.

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4
Q

What is the out-group homogeneity effect?

A

Where people tend to perceive members of an outgroup as highly similar to each other.

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5
Q

What is the in-group differentiation hypothesis?

A

Where people see all kinds of diferences between members of their own group.

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6
Q

What are the 3 steps in the process of stereotyping?

A

1 - Assign a person to a particular group.

2 - Bring into play a certain belief that all members of that group share certain characteristics.

3 - Infer that this particular individual must possess these characteristics.

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7
Q

List 3 consequences of stereotypes.

A

1 - Stereotypes powerfully affect social perceptions and behaviour.

2 - Expectations of others and ourselves are affected by stereotypes.

3 - Stereotype threat (people feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their group).

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8
Q

What is the realistic conflict theory?

Which theory does it oppose?

A
  • A theory that states that whenever there are two or more groups seeking the same limited resources, this will lead to conflict, stereotypes, beliefs and discrimination.
  • Opposes social identity theory because it suggests that conflict is realist (that conflict isnt based on something irrational but on a need for resources).
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9
Q

What is social identity theory?

Which theory does it oppose?

A
  • A theory that suggests that conflict arises from the need to conform to a group.
  • Opposes realistic conflict theory because it suggests that conflict is due to an irrational need for identity rather than a rational need for resources.
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10
Q

What is scapegoating?

A

The act of venting frustration indirectly onto somebody / a group that has nothing to do with the source of frustration.

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11
Q

What are the two steps in the process of stigmatising?

A

1 - Recognising the differentiating mark.

2 - Devaluating the person bearing that mark.

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12
Q

What is stigma?

A

Any physical or social attribute or sign that devaluates a person’s identity.

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13
Q

List 3 ways in which stereotyping and stigma might lead to discrimination.

A

1 - Social avoidance.

2 - Withholding help.

3 - Segregation.

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14
Q

Define stereotype.

A

A stereotype is a learned assumption about members of a certain group without having a deep knowledge of that group.

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15
Q

List 3 things that might result from patients having negative stereotypes about doctors.

A

1 - Less likely to seek medical help.

2 - Less likely to be satisfied with medical care received.

3 - Less likely to adhere to prescribed treatment.

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16
Q

What is the contact hypothesis?

A

The hypothesis that contact between in-group and out-group members will decrease prejudice.