Sexuality Flashcards

1
Q

What is sex typing?

A

The process by which children acquire sex / gender identity and learn gender appropriate behaviours.

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2
Q

Describe androgen insensitivity syndrome.

A

Males develop female external appearance due to insensitivity to androgens.

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3
Q

Describe androgenital syndrome.

A

Females develop male external appearance due to prenatal exposure to high levels of androgens.

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4
Q

Describe DHT deficiency in males.

A

Males develop female external appearance due to a deficiency of alpha-reductase.

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5
Q

Give two examples of chromosomal abnormalities that cause intersexuality.

A

Turner syndrome (X; females only) and Klinefelter syndrome (XXY).

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6
Q

List 6 symptoms of Turner syndrome.

A

1 - Short stature.

2 - Swollen hands / feet.

3 - Webbed neck.

4 - Infertility.

5 - Amenorrhoea.

6 - Incomplete pubertal development.

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7
Q

List 5 symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome.

A

1 - Gynaecomastia.

2 - Small testes.

3 - Less hair.

4 - Infertility.

5 - Tall with abnormal body proportions.

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8
Q

What is Money and Ehrhardt’s critical period of gender identity?

A

If the final decision about sex assignment isnt made before 18-24 months, the child will be vulnerable to psychological nonhealthiness.

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9
Q

What is paternal investment theory?

A
  • An investment by a parent in an offspring that increases the chance that the offspring will survive is at the expense of the parent’s ability to invest in other offspring.
  • historically, maternal investment > paternal investment.
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10
Q

According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, in which stage of psychosexual development does gender development take place?

A

In the phallic stage.

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11
Q

Describe the cognitive development theory of gender development.

A

Children’s discovery that they are male / female causes them to identify with and imitate same-sex models.

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12
Q

What is gender labelling and at which age does it take place?

A
  • The process of defining characteristics as male or female.

- Takes place at 3 years old.

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13
Q

What is gender stability and at which age does it take place?

A
  • The identity that a child recognises themselves as does not change.
  • Takes place at 4-5 years old.
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14
Q

What is gender constancy and at which age does it take place?

A
  • A child’s understanding of the irreversibility of their sex.
  • Takes place at 6-7 years old.
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15
Q

What is gender-schematic processing theory?

A

The theory that gender identity alone can provide a child with sufficient motivation to assume sex-type behaviour.

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16
Q

List 5 determinants of sexual orientation.

A

1 - Genes.

2 - Hormones.

3 - Neuroanatomy.

4 - Psychological factors.

5 - Social learning.

17
Q

What is paraphilia?

A

Sexual urges directed to:

  • Non-human objects.
  • Suffering / humiliation of oneself or one’s partner.
  • Towards others incapable of giving consent.
18
Q

Give 5 examples of paraphilias.

A

1 - Fetishism.

2 - Exhibitionism.

3 - Voyeurism.

4 - Sadomasochism.

5 - Paedophilia.

19
Q

What is the disease model of addiction?

A

A model which describes an addiction as a disease with biological, neurological, genetic, and environmental sources of origin.

20
Q

What is social learning theory?

A

A theory that proposes that new behaviours can be acquired by observing and imitating others.

21
Q

List 5 management techniques for paraphilias.

A

1 - Aversive conditioning.

2 - Reconditioning techniques.

3 - Cognitive techniques.

4 - Psychotropic medication (e.g. SSRIs).

5 - Hormonal treatments.

22
Q

What is aversive conditioning?

A

The use of a punishment to stop an unwanted behaviour from continuing.

23
Q

List 2 hormonal treatments for paraphilias.

A

1 - MPA.

2 - Cyproterone acetate.

24
Q

What are the 3 types of sexual disorders?

A

1 - Problems of desire.

2 - Problems of arousal.

3 - Problems of orgasm.

25
Q

List 3 causes of problems of arousal in women.

A

1 - Oestrogen deficiency (post-menopausal).

2 - Anxiety.

3 - Infections.

26
Q

What is a non-organic vaginismus?

A

Involuntary muscular spasms.

27
Q

What is a non-organic dyspareunia.

A

Pain during sexual activity.

28
Q

What does PLISSIT stand for?

A
  • Permission.
  • Limited information.
  • Specific suggestions.
  • Intensive therapy.