STS2 Flashcards
is an Interdisciplinary discipline which brings together previously Independent and older disciplines; among those is the History of Science.
STS
encomposses the study of the development of science across time. Seeks to explore how science evolved and is evolving, and analyzes the formation of the sciences as part of the human experience.
Subdiscipline of STS
also asks questions regarding the relationship between scientific progress and larger social, political, economic and cultural contexts.
Subdiscipline of STS
(Principe of Johns Hopkins University)
PROFESSOR LAWRENCE
explains that historians of science ‘aim to get a true and accurate depiction of science in the past.
PROFESSOR LAWRENCE
scientific ideas developed
(Evolution)
where they came from
(genesis)
and why
(context)
Getting a better idea of science in the past gives us a ______ nowadays which, in turn, encourages interest in the subject.
a better picture of science
Studying the subject tells us more about how our ancestors were involved in the same processes of discovery about how the world works.
true ka dyan
Discussing the history of science benefits students as i dispels the false notion that getting into science requires being a genius.
Providing access to the development of science across time encourages more people to go into _____
science.
can also refer to the prevailing and non-tangible societal conditions, which required scientists to think of inventing new tools, devices, and technologies or improving existing ones in order to better address the ever-growing challenges at the time.
antecedents
defined as a precursor to the unfolding or existence of something.
Antecedent -
defined as the previous state of science and technology before something more advanced was created.
A historical antecedent -
can refer to the older and tangible counterparts of a more advanced, more efficient, and more useful tool, device, or technology.
Antecedents
digital or virtual cryptocurrency invented in 2009,which uses peer-to-peer technology and strong cryptography to facilitate online transactions and secure online payments.
Bitcoin
essentially a computer file stored in a digital wallet application on people’s smartphone or computer.
Bitcoin
where transactions are being recorded it is a public list
blockchain’
our traditional currencies and monetary units. (tangible antecedent of bitcoin)
‘copper coins’ and ‘paper money’
(Non-tangible antecedent of bitcoin). It was the worst economic disaster since the _________________
Great Depression from 1929 to 1939.
2008 ‘Financial Crisis’ which culminated with ‘LEHMAN BROTHERS HOLDINGS INC’s.’ declaration of bankruptcy on __________ . (Non-tangible antecedent of bitcoin). It was the worst economic disaster since the Great Depression from 1929 to 1939.
September 15, 2008
an era when the scientific method was just unfolding In the history of science, the development of proper science, through the rise of scientific thinking and the scientific method took place only during the Middle Ages.
ANCIENT AGE
where our ancestors mostly relied on
‘Protoscience’
As such, during the Ancient Age, knowledge and understanding about how the world works was handed down through generations using _________
oral tradition
early humans were focused on ______
survival.
This quá for survival paved the way for our ancestors to successful, build ancient civilizations such as:
Mesopotamia (3500-500 BC Indus (3300-1900 B.C.)
*Ancient Egypt (3150-31 B.C.)
*Anciel Greece (2700-479 B.C.)
*Ancient China (2100-221 B.C.)
*Ancient Rome (550 B.C. - 465 A.D.)
Mesopotamia
(3500-500 BC Indus (3300-1900 B.C.)
Ancient Egypt
(3150-31 B.C.)
Anciel Greece
(2700-479 B.C.)
Ancient China
(2100-221 B.C.)
Ancient Rome
(550 B.C. - 465 A.D.)
It was in these civilizations that the foundations of proper science were discovered and put in place. For example, forms of writing allowed for knowledges to be documented and communicated to the next generation.
ANCIENT AGE
People from ancient civilizations had long used animals for transportation ages before the invention of the wheel.
Ancient Wheel
_______ grew out of a mechanical device called the ‘potter’s wheel’
ancient wheel
a heavy flat disk made of hardened clay which was spun horizontally on an axis
Potter’s Wheel
- It is believed that the Sumerians invented the ______ shortly after 3500 B.C.
Potter’s Wheel
- It would not be until 1000 to 1500 years later that the wheel was first used on carts.
Potter’s Wheel
a material similar to thick paper.
Papyrus
was made from the papyrus plant that grew near the Nile River. It was lightweight,strong, durable, and, more importantly, portable
Papyrus
before the Egyptians invented the papyrus, writing was made on____
on stone.
because of the difficulty of writing on stone, writing was reserved only for ___ ____ ____
very important occasions.
with the advent of the papyrus, documentation and record-keeping became _____ and ____
efficient and widespread.
through the use of the _______ , information dissemination moved exponentially faster. Records were kept and stood the test of time more durably and efficiently.
papyrus
an early tool invented and used by ancient Egyptians to irrigate land. Among Egyptians who lived near the Nile river, irrigation was necessary to water their crops.
Shadoof
also spelled as “shaduf”
Shadoof
a hand-operated device for lifting water. Its invention introduced the idea of lifting things using counterweights.
Shadoof
is also believed to be an ancient precursor of more sophisticated irrigation tools.
Shadoof
was similar to a mantel clock.
Antikythera mechanism
- It was akin to a clock in the way that the case had a circular face and rotating hands.
Antikythera mechanism
widely believed that the _____ _____ was used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses for calendar and astrological purposes.
Antikythera mechanism
one of the oldest known antecedents of modern clockwork, was invented by (Greek scientists between 250-87 B.C.)
Antikythera mechanism
a steam-powered turbine, which spun when the water container at its center was heated; thus, making it the first rudimentary steam engine.
Aeolipile
also known as Hero’s engine
Aeolipile
______ is credited for the demonstration of the aeolipile in first century A.D.
- Hero of Alexandria
is widely accepted as the ancient precursor of the steam engine.
Aeolipile
it is believed to be one of many “temple wonders” at the time.
Aeolipile
(Roman author, architect, civil engineer)
VITRUVIUS
described the acolipile as a scientific invention through which “the mighty and wonderful laws of the heavens and the nature of winds” may be understood and judged.
VITRUVIUS (Roman author, architect, civil engineer)
between the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 5th century A.D. and the colonial expansion of Western Burope in late 15th century A.D,
MIDDLE AGES
major advances in scientific and technological development, including a steady increase of new inventions, introduction of innovations in traditional production, and emergence of scientific thinking and method, had taken place.
MIDDLE AGES
Three subperiods:
*Early Middle Ages (476-1000 A.D.)
*High Middle Ages (1000-1250 A.D.)
*Late Middle Ages (1250-1500 A.D.)
Early Middle Ages
(476-1000 A.D.)
High Middle Ages
(1000-1250 A.D.)
Late Middle Ages
(1250-1500 A.D.)
the period immediately following the fall came to be known as the “true Dark Ages,” where society slipped from a period of reason and high philosophy and into one of barbarism and ignorance.
EARLY MIDDLE AGES (476-1000)
while it was a period marked by frequent wars and conflict, population shifts, and the visible disappearance of urban life
EARLY MIDDLE AGES (476-1000)
progress in the scientific method took shape in the production of illuminated manuscripts in _____
Ireland.
BI SHENG (990-1051 A.D) invented the ________ towards the end of the Early Middle Ages during the ______
Move Type Printing
Song Dynasty.
invented the movable type printing towards the end of the Early Middle Ages during the Song Dynasty.
BI SHENG (990-1051 A.D)
this technology would replace woodblock printing, which was a widely used but expensive and time consuming printing technology.
movable type printing
____ ____ keep some of the scientific processes alive and well.
monastic study
monks in both the West and East were mostly concerned about _____ _____ on the Bible and Buddhism.
scholastic endeavors
____ _____ also endeavored to understand medicine so that they could care for the sick, and studied astronomy so that they could observe the stars and determine the date for Easter.
western Europe
invented the world’s first mechanical clock, which ran by dripping water on a wheel that made one revolution every 24 hours.
Yi Xing
first mechanical clock, which ran by _____ _____on a wheel that made one revolution every 24 hours.
dripping water
was a time of prolonged war between Christians and Muslims and one territorial bickering between Spain and the East.
HIGH MIDDLE AGE (1000-1250)
the High Middle Ages was a time of prolonged war between ______ and _____ and one territorial bickering between Spain and the East.
Christians and Muslims
Like a fringe benefit, trade flourished as it became a standard for merchan and mercenaries to share their practices and experiences from ____,____, and _____
Spain, the Holy Land, and Byzantium.
Muslims translated books and ten from Greek to Arabic.
HIGH MIDDLE AGE (1000-1250)
Muslims translated books and ten from Greek to ______
Arabic.
_______ became a hotbed of this practin by mid-11th century as scholars from all around Europe came to translate into Arabic even more Latin books and texts.
Spain
stadium generale (medieval universities)
*University of Bologna (founded in 1088) *University of Oxford (1167)
*University of Cambridge (1209)
*University of Paris (1215).
lobbied for the dualistic scientific method.
ROBERT GROSSESTE
led the transition from Platonic reasoning to Aristotelian empiricism.
THOMAS AQUINAS
- believed that empiricism should be used to propose laws governing the universe and that the laws may be used to forecast outcomes
ROBERT GROSSESTE
- took Grosseteste’s work and that of Aristotle and the Islamic alchemists to propose the idea of induction as the foundation of empiricism.
ROGER BACON
- For his work describing the method of observation, hypothesis, experimentation, independent verification, and detailed documentation of results.
ROGER BACON
- developed a more sophisticated version of the mechanical clock called the “cosmic empire.”
SU SONG
- cosmic empire was 200 years ahead of its European counterpart Navigational compasses, which were more sophisticated versions of that invented between the second century B.C. and first century A.D., were used in Chinese ships by 1000 A.D
is generally considered to have begun in the mid 13th century and ended in the 14th century.
LATE MIDDLE AGES (1250-1500)
Other cataclysmic events of the 14th century: (basaha and answer)
*Great Famine (1315-1317)
*Black Death (1346-1353)
*Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
*The Peasants Revolt (1381)
*The burning of Joan of Arc at the stake (1431)
*The fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453).
- established the antecedents of Newtonian physics, particularly that of inertia, by challenging Aristotelian physics and developing the theory of impetus, which is a motive force enabling a body to move in the direction in which the mover sets it in motion.
JEAN BURIDAN (French Philosopher)
- discussed a theory about a heliocentric universe.
NICOLAS d’ORESME (French Philosopher, livre du ciel et du monde)
- mathematical formula: impetus = weight x velocity.
JEAN BURIDAN (French Philosopher)
differentiated kinematics from dynamics and proposed the mean speed theorem, which they demonstrated through the Law of Falling Bodies.
THOMAS BRADWARDINE (Fourteenth century, English Physicist)
- first to argue that it would be more economical for the Earth to rotate on its own axis rather than the entire sphere of stars.
NICOLAS d’ORESME (French Philosopher, livre du ciel et du monde)
one of the most important technological innovations during the Middle Ages
heavy plough
he argued this two centuries before Nicolaus Copernicus’ seminal work De revolutionibus orbium coelestium would be published.
NICOLAS d’ORESME (French Philosopher, livre du ciel et du monde)
through the invention of the ___ ____, it became possible for the first time to harness clay soil.
heavy plough
He who described the impact of the invention of the heavy plough as follows, “The heavy plough turned European agriculture and economy on its head. Suddenly, the fields with the heavy, fatty, and moist clay soils became those that gave the greatest yields” (Andersen, Jensen,& Skovsgaard, 2016).
THOMAS BERNEBECK ANDERSEN (University of Southern Denmark proffessor)
- around 850 A.D.,
- Chinese alchemists accidentally invented black powder or ______
gunpowder.
“huoyao” roughly translated as ____ _____
“fire potion.”
_____ and ____ were used in battles and wars.
swords and spears
Towards the end of the 13th century, the explosive invention crept into most parts of Europe and Asia.
Gunpowder
the first known versions of ________ could be traced back to the Chinese 7th century A.D.
paper money
the postmedieval era beginning in the 1500s to the present.
MODERN AGE
__________ were used as currency (before the introduction of paper money)
Gold and Silver
subperiods are
*early modern period
*late modern period
accurately keep track of time for the first time.
Mechanical Clock
- a machine used for transforming fiber into thread or yarn which is eventually woven into cloths on a loom.
- Indians invented the _______ between sixth and 11th century A.D.
- weaving was done predominantly through the more time-consuming and tedious process of hand spinning.
Spinning Wheel
marked by a steady population increase worldwide, technological innovations, urbanization, scientific discoveries, and globalization.
MODERN AGE
The foundations of the Great Divergence
EARLY MODERN PERIOD
a period during which the West overcame pre-modern growth and reached unprecedented levels of wealth and power in the 19th century.
EARLY MODERN PERIOD
the period began with the invention of Johannes Gutenberg’s movable type printing press, which made more efficient the processes and practices of knowledge production.
EARLY MODERN PERIOD
older methods of science were replaced by empiricism and modern science through the 16th- and 17th-century scientific revolutions.
EARLY MODERN PERIOD
Capitalism grew and countries became more powerful.
EARLY MODERN PERIOD
These massive changes were brought by the combined complex effects of the
*First Industrial Revolution (1750)
*The American Revolution (1776)
*French Revolution (1789).
LATE MODERN PERIOD
more and more people preferred living in the city, received education, read books and newspapers, participated in politics, spent on consumer goods, and embraced the identity of citizenship in an industrialized nation.
Contemporary Period
Urbanization and mass media
brought people closer to each other through a sense of shared mass culture, transcending regional, social, and cultural boundaries and differences.
- credited with the invention of the first compound microscope in 1590.
ZACHARIAS JANSSEN (Dutch spectacle maker)
- capable of magnifying objects three times their size when fully closed and up to 10 times when extended to the maximum.
Compound Microscope
- it an important instrument in many scientific studies, such as in the areas of medicine, forensic studies, tissue analysis, atomic studies, and genetics.
Compound Microscope
- most important technological invention in the study of astronomy at the time was the practical telescope, which was built by Galileo Galilei.
Telescope
one of the most critical drivers of the revolution.
Jacquard Loom
- it was Galileo who first used the telescope skyward and made important astronomical discoveries.
Telescope
could magnify objects 20 times larger than the Dutch perspective glasses.
Telescope
- built by JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD (French weaver)
Jacquard Loom
- the weaver and the drawboy
Jacquard Loom
Orville and Wilbur Wright are credited with designing and successfully operating the first engine-powered aircraft on December 17, 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
Engine-Powered Airplane
Orville and Wilbur Wright are credited with designing and successfully operating the first engine-powered aircraft on _______ at ________
December 17, 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
proved that aircrafts could fly without airfoil-shaped wings.
Engine-Powered Airplane
- televised objects in outline in 1924, recognizable human faces in 1925, moving objects in 1926, colored images in 1928.
Television
- Wright brothers were brilliant scientists who paved the way for modern aircraft science and technology.
Engine-Powered Airplane
The Scottish engineer _______ is largely credited with the invention of the modern television.
John Logie Baird
- British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) used this for its earliest television programming in 1929
television
- The Scottish engineer John Logie Baird is largely credited with the invention of the modern television.
Television
____ _____ _____ (BBC) used this for its earliest television programming in 1929
British Broadcasting Corporation
