HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT Flashcards
Location of Sumerian Civilization
Southern most tip of Mesopotamia
It is the first writing system
Cuneiform
utilizes word picture and triangular symbols
Cuneiform
Method:
it is carved on a clay using wedge instruments and left it dry
Cuneiform
Its advantage is record keeping
while it disadvantage is
time consuming
Cuneiform
its Features includes:
• known as mountain of god
• only priest are allowed to enter
The Ziggurat of Ur
its Method is:
• made of sun-baked bricks
The Ziggurat of Ur
Advantage
• showcase not only Sumerian architecture but also remarkable technology used
Disadvantage
• selection of people to enter the place
The Ziggurat of Ur
Feature:
• done by farmers to maintain water flowing in the farmlands
Irrigations and Dikes
Advantage:
• address water supply scarcity and flooding in the river
• year-long framing and harvesting that leads to increased food production
Irrigations and Dikes
Features
• do not resemble the present-day alarm
Alarm Clock
Advantage
• use to tell individual when to start and when to stop
Disadvantage
• accuracy
Alarm Clock
- travel places
- discover new horizon and better locations for settlement
- search for food exchange goods
Concerns of People: Transportation
- discover and occupy newplaces
- record keeping for places, trades, history and culture.
Concerns of People: Communication
- establishment of new alliances from other tribes
- stronger tribes tend to invade weaker tribes I security and protection
Concerns of People: Weapons and Armors
- discovery of cure for diseases
Concerns of People: Conservation of Life
- address specific needs and wants
- protection against human attack and natural diseases
Concerns of People: Infrastructure
- style (today)
- nation’s identity; status symbol of technological advancement of a certain civilization
Concerns of People: Architecture
Features
- used to dig earth in a faster pace
Plow
Advantage
- farmers can cultivate lands faster without taking much time and effort
Disadvantage
- use of other organisms (ex. Cow, Carabao)
Plow
- Considered as great builders, engineers, and architects
- contribute one of seven wonders in the ancient world
THE BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
THE BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION: LOCATION
emerged near Tigris and Euphrates rivers
Features:
- structures are said to be made up of layers upon layers of gardens that contained several species of plants, trees, and vines
- according to legends, great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II built the garden for his wide Queen Amytis
Hanging Garden of Babylon
Advantage
- one of the wonders in the ancient world
Disadvantage
- no physical evidence of existence
- exact location is unknown
- lack documentation or archaeological evidence
Hanging Garden of Babylon
Features
- ______ is a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt
- thin sheet produce by ______ used for writing
Paper of Papyrus
Advantage
- lighter and thinner than clay tablets
- easy to carry and store (sending letters are easier)
- less breakable
Disadvantage
- can be damage by termites; damage over time
Paper or Papyrus
- First medical document
- Neuroscience
- 48 surgical cases
- List of sugical instrument
Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (1862)
Method
- sun-baked bricks were laid in the ground, and poured bitumen (black sticky substance similar to asphalt) to smoothen the _____
Roads
Advantage
- convenient for travelling instead of travelling in soft and muddy ______
- facilitate faster and easier travel
Disadvantage
- Maintenance
Roads
Features
- first true City
- unique way how it is erected
Uruk City
Method
- big challenge - no building stones, lumber is limited
- used mud or clay from the river, mixed with reeds to produced sun-baked bricks
Uruk City
Advantage
- Bricks that made the City is used as protection against harsh weather and prevent other people from entering the place as well as wild animals
Disadvantage
- durability of bricks
Uruk City
Features
- They have advanced mathematical and astronomical knowledge of the following:
- Constellations
- Distance from the earth to the sun
- Orbit of the earth was elliptical
Number of planets in our galaxy
Astronomy and Astrology
Methods
- four vessels lined up vertically
- upper vessel supplied water which dropped to the vessel below and set to be filled at a given time
- After it was full, water was siphoned off at a faster rate into the third vessel
- The third vessel will caused the explosion of the air, creating a whistling noise
- The third vessel would empty towards the bottom vessel for storage and reuse
Alarm Clock
Features
• mill uses water wheel or water turbine to drive a mechanical process such as milling (grinding, rolling or hammering)
• used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was necessary for food processing
Water Mill
Advantage
• mass production of rice, cereals, flours and the likes
• less effort and time to operate
• only requires access to rivers or flowing water
Disadvantage
• water dependent
Water Mill
Known for unique infrastructures established by pharaohs
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
- Most powerful person in ancient
Egypt. - “Lord of the Two Hands”
- Ruler of Upper and Lower
Egypt - “High Priest of Every Temple”
- Represented the gods on Earth
Pharaoh
Features
• used to improve and highlights facial features
• it function for both health and aesthetic reasons
• wore kohl to prevent and cure eye diseases
• the use of it varies slightly between socials classes
• Upper class - more make-up, pale skin
• Lower class - tanned, dark skin
Cosmetics
Features
• used for writing in papyrus
• combination of soot with diff. chemicals to color the ink
• Combination of soot with different chemical such as Carbon and Copper
• must stand the elements in nature since it is used for history, culture, and codified laws
Ink
Features
• hiero’ - holy and ‘glyphics’ - marks or writing taken together as “holy writings”
• writing using symbols provided by gods
• carved in the walls of pyramids in Egypt
Hieroglyphics
Features
• hiero’ - holy and ‘glyphics’ - marks or writing taken together as “holy writings”
• writing using symbols provided by gods
• carved in the walls of pyramids in Egypt
Hieroglyphics
Other contributions
• Pyramid of Giza
• Tomb inscriptions
• Arts and anticrafts
•Wall painting
• Toothpaste
• Handheld mirror
Features
• used to enhance appearance, health and wellness
Wig
Advantage
• protection from rays of the sun (bald)
• healthier in comparison to natural hair (lice invasion)
Disadvantage
• carried by the wind
• can produce smell when worn without washing
Wig
Advantage
• protection from rays of the sun (bald)
• healthier in comparison to natural hair (lice invasion)
Disadvantage
• carried by the wind
• can produce smell when worn without washing
Wig
Features:
• device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel into another
• used as timekeeping device
Water Clock or Clepsydra
How it works
• amount of water remained in the device determines how much time has elapsed since it is full
Water Clock or Clepsydra
Features
• They carried out surgical operations
• Diagnosis and prognosis of recognized sickness and treat it with organic natural compositions like honey and medical plants.
Treatment of Sickness
Features
• mode of transportation in rivers and seas
• used to carry large quantities of products
• cover large distances
Sailboats
Advantage
• essential for transportation
Disadvantage
• limited accommodation for people and products
Sailboats
Feature
_______were used for farm work and food processes
Wheel
Advantage
• used ______ mass production of products were made easier
• less effort for farmers to mill grains
Disadvantage
• durability (first wheels)
Wheels
Features
• The first ________ in the world, the _______ of Alexandria, was actually built in Egypt.
• During this time Egypt was under Greek control after submitting to Alexander’s rule.
Library
Features
• Like the first library, the first ________ in the world was located in the Greek-controlled Egyptian kingdom of Alexandria.
• The structure was called the ________ of Alexandria, or the Pharos of Alexandria
Lighthouse of Alexandria
Features
• The _____ Games started in ancients Greece, specifically in the city of Olympia
• The participants were the city-states of Ancient Greece and its Colonies also held every tour years in honor of Zues, the king god.
Olympics
Features
• gazettes contained announcement of roman empire
• engraved in metal or stone tablets and displayed publicly
• invention of paper made them easier to publish matters that needed the attention of Roman citizens
• Roman military victories
• Birth
• Death notices
• Appeared on 131 B’C
• Was also known as “Acta Diura” or “daily facts”
Newspaper
• Features
• Invented by Aisa Mijeno, the lighting system that utilizes the abundant material in the Philippines which is the saltwater
• Salt (Sustainable Alternative Lightning) on saltwater
• Safer to use because it possess no risk on fire and emits no toxic gas
• Two tablespoon of salt and a glass of tap water (in the banrio)
Salt Lamp
Features
• Invented by Aisa Mijeno, the lighting system that utilizes the abundant material in the Philippines which is the saltwater
• Salt (Sustainable Alternative Lightning) on saltwater
• Safer to use because it possess no risk on fire and emits no toxic gas
• Two tablespoon of salt and a glass of tap water (in the banrio)
Salt Lamp
Features
• High mortality rate of babies during 20th century
• Lack of available _______ due to lack of resources and electricity
• Dr Fe del Mundo, a Filipino Pediatrician and first Asian woman admitted into Harvard medical School devised a ________ made from cheap and indigenous material that do not run on electricity.
Medical Incubator
Features
• Julius Caesar stacked up papyrus to form pages of book and provide wax cover for protection. Later, it was replaced by animal skin that provide stronger and long-lasting protection
Bound Book or Codex
Advantage
• useful in record keeping such as historical events and newly legislated laws
Disadvantage
• do not last forever (prone to insects such as termites)
Bound Book or Codex
Features
• most visual contribution of ancient Roman Empire
• creatively redesign old architectural designs to produce sturdier and stronger infrastructures
• building of large churches (cathedrals and basilicas), coliseums, amphitheaters and residential houses
Roman Architecture
theorized that the Earth may orbit the Sun and came up with a fairly accurate estimate for the circumference of the Earth.
ASTRONOMY
developed a device for calculating the movements of the planets which is sometimes considered the first computer.
ASTRONOMY
Greeks applied their skills in math to help describe the stars and the planets.
ASTRONOMY
MEDICINE
The Greeks were one of the first civilizations to study medicine as a scientific way to cure illnesses and disease.
He who taught that diseases had natural causes and they could sometimes be cured by natural means. The Hippocratic Oath to uphold medical ethics is still taken by many medical students
today.
HIPPOCRATES
Features
• only man-made structure that can be seen in the outer space
• largest and most extensive infrastructure built
• constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control borders of China
Great Wall of China
Advantage
• tourist attraction; protection
Disadvantage
• divides China from the rest of the world
Great Wall of China
Features
• developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieved immortality (elixir of life)
• creation of death when used to propel bullets from guns and cannons
• use to dissipate any attempts of invasion
Gun Powder
Methods
• combination of charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate that produces large amount of heat and gas in an instant
Gun Powder
Advantage
• celebration (fireworks display)
Disadvantage
• cause of death and triggers war against nations
Gun Powder
Features
• An optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects
• Used by the navigators and sea captains to see far and wide area to avoid dangers (ex. Sea)
• known as refractor
Telescope
Features
• Used not only as offensive device but also as defensive device.
• For open area, they used cross bows and long bows so that they could attack enemy fromlong ranges.
• Soldiers wear iron armors in close range hand-to-hand combat
• Since armors have limitation, the used of chainmail is practiced
War Weapons
Known as the middle Kingdom
• Less popular status among all civilization
Chinese Civilization
Location of the Chinese Civilization
Far East of Asia
Features
• Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral illness endemic in tropical and sub-tropical area including Philippines
• A virus carried by Aedes aegypti usually in rainy season
• Introduced by DOST known as OL Trap System
• Made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitoes but safe to human and environment
Mosquito Ovicidal or Larvicidal Trap System
Disadvantages of Insecticides
• not safe to human and environment
• resistance of mosquito population
Mosquito Ovicidal or Larvicidal Trap System
Disadvantages of Insecticides
• not safe to human and environment
• resistance of mosquito population
Mosquito Ovicidal or Larvicidal Trap System
Features
• produced by silk worms
• process by Chinese to produce paper and clothing
Silk
Features
• produced by silk worms
• process by Chinese to produce paper and clothing
Silk
Advantage
• resulted in creation of a product for trade and opened
China to the outside world which bridges the gap between western and middle kingdom
Silk
Features
• beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves
• first Tea was drunk by the first Emperor in China
Tea Production
Methods
• Chinese inventor created a machine that was able to shred a tea leaves into strips
Tea Production
Features
• People used animal oil first to illuminate their houses however, it cannot suffice to the need of the people.
• Samuel M. Kier invented kerosene by refining ______
• Kerosene was later referred as ‘illuminating oil” used to provide lighting to houses
• Later applied to heating purposes
• The development of kerosene established the ____ refinery industry.
• widely used in powering automobiles, factories, power plant etc.
Petroleum Refinery
Features
• Invented by Alexander Graham Bell
• Used to maintain connections and communication as more people got connected by trade and explorations.
• Device used to discussed and address day-to-day decisions at the fastest time possible.
Telephone
Features
• Used to compute complicated equations faster and easier:
• Computing devices are easy to carry to utilized them on day-to-day basis
Calculator
Events/Activities
• Vulnerable in natural disasters
• Discoveries and inventions were built from indigenous materials or created to adapt harsh tropical environment.
Philippine Inventions
•Conversion of American military jeeps used in WWII into jeeps
• Nowadays, attachment of sidecar to the tricycle to accommodate more passengers
• During rainy season, tricycle cannot traverse the streets
Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
Features
• most visual contribution of ancient Roman Empire
• creatively redesign old architectural designs to produce sturdier and stronger infrastructures
• building of large churches (cathedrals and basilicas), coliseums, amphitheaters and residential houses
Roman Architecture
Features
• number system used to address the need for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing communication and trade system
Roman Numerals
Disadvantage
• no longer used widely today because of its inherent limitations
• however, others still used it for aesthetic and historical value
Roman Numerals
BIOLOGY
“biology” comes from the Greek words “bios” (meaning “life”) and “logia” (meaning “study of”).
The Greeks loved to study the world around them and this included living organisms.
BIOLOGY
He studied animals in great detail and wrote down his observations in a book called the
History of Animals.
ARISTOTLE
He heavily influenced zoologists for years by classifying animals according to their different characteristics.
ARISTOTLE
• Preservation of food as well as dairy products such as milk is an issue
• milk spoiled faster once not consumed after production and can cause diphtheria, food poisoning and thyphoid
• impossible to trade
Pasteurization
Features
• invented by Louis Pasteur, French Biologist, Microbiologist and Chemist
• the process of heating the dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster
• Through this process milk can be stored and consumed for a longer period
Pasteurization
Features
• The _________ was first invented as a device for divination as early as the Chinese Han Dynasty (since about 206 BC).
• The ________ was used in Song Dynasty China by the military for navigational orienteering by 1040-44, and was used for maritime navigation by 1111 to 1117.
Magnetic Compass
Features
• Invented by Johann Gutenberg after the Chinese developed a woodblock printing.
• He utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of letters and pressed firmly the cast metal into the paper
• Invented to addressed the need for publishing books that would spread information to many people at a faster rate.
Printing Press
Features
• A device used to magnify minute things.
• Used to investigate diseases to develop proper medicines for treatment.
• was invented by Zacharias Janssen and his son Johannes Janssen.
• Great breakthrough in the field of medicine and science.
microscope
was known as the father of microbiology and followed the concept of the Janssens.
Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek
Features
• Invented by H2O Technologies headed by Dominic N.
Chung and Lamberto Armanda, together with the chief designer Victor “Atoy” Llave
• can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and lakes
Salamander or amphibious tricycle
MATHEMATICS
“mathematics”comes from the Greek
word “mathema” which means “subject of instruction.”
He studied geometry and discovered theories
(such as Thale’s theorem) about circles, Lines, angles, and triangles.
THALES
He discovered the Pythagorean Theorem which is still used today to find the sides of a right triangle.
PYTHAGORAS
wrote several books on the subject of geometry called Elements. These books became the standard textbook on the subject for 2000 years. ELements is sometimes called the most successful textbook in history.
EUCLID
They traveled to search fo food and find better locations nfor settlement.
They use this to trade their surplus goods in exchange fo things they lacked.
Transportation and Navigation
What are the six different civilizations
- Summerian Civilization
- Babylonian Civilization
- Egyptian Civilization
- Greek Civilization
- Roman Civilization
- Chinese Civilization
Where is the Greek Civilization located?
Southern part of Europe
Where is the Egytian Civilization located?
North Africa
It is believed to be the most influential political and social entity in in the west
Roman Civilization
It is the oldest Civilization in Asia
Chinese Civilization
This was essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places relevant to communicating with the natives of the area they visited
Communication
They are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another
Sumerian Civilization
this method was considered the worlds most beneficial engineering works
Irrigation and Dikes
King Nebuchadnezzar built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon for who?
His wife - Queen Amytis
It is the protection of evil and sign of holiness
Cosmetics
known as the birthplace of western philosophy
Greek Civilization
Made use of water or sometimes small stones or sand that drums, which sounded the _____
Alarm Clock
He believed that it utilizes an alarm clock to signal that start of his lecture
Plato
The fist newspaper in the Roman Contribution
Gazettes
Used this for record keeping primarily documenting historical events and newly legislated laws, same with literature
Bound books or Codex
The continuation of Greek architecture due to its resemblance
Roman Architecture
A standard counting method that would meet their increasing communication and trade concerns
Roman Numerals
produced by silkworms and processed to provide paper and clothing
Silk
Developed by a Chinese Alchemist to achieve immortality
Gun powder
Massive Invasiona and migrations were combined , wars were prevalent
Midieval/Middle ages
Also known as the Age of exploration
Midieval/Middle ages
The Printing Press was invented by who?
Johannes Gutenberg
Used for open-area battles
War Weapons
The booming of the world population in the nineteenth century onwards
Modern Times
used for better means of powering homes and transportation
Petroleum Refinery
Fastest way to compute
Calculator
developed to be utilized during a flood or rainy season that can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and lakes
Salamander Amphibious Trycicle
Who invented the Salamander Amphibious Tricycle?
Dominic N. Chung
Lamberto Armada
Victor “Atoy” Llave
Who invented the Salt Lamp?
Aisa Mijino
An environmental-friendly ligth source that runs on saltwater
SALT Lamp
Was also known as “Acta Diura” or “daily facts”
Newspaper
He who stacked up papyrus to form pages of book and provide wax cover for protection.
Julius Caesar
