HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT Flashcards by Jhann Olvis

Location of Sumerian Civilization

Southern most tip of Mesopotamia

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It is the first writing system

Cuneiform

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utilizes word picture and triangular symbols

Cuneiform

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Method:

it is carved on a clay using wedge instruments and left it dry

Cuneiform

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Its advantage is record keeping
while it disadvantage is
time consuming

Cuneiform

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its Features includes:
• known as mountain of god
• only priest are allowed to enter

The Ziggurat of Ur

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its Method is:
• made of sun-baked bricks

The Ziggurat of Ur

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Advantage
• showcase not only Sumerian architecture but also remarkable technology used
Disadvantage
• selection of people to enter the place

The Ziggurat of Ur

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Feature:
• done by farmers to maintain water flowing in the farmlands

Irrigations and Dikes

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Advantage:
• address water supply scarcity and flooding in the river
• year-long framing and harvesting that leads to increased food production

Irrigations and Dikes

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Features
• do not resemble the present-day alarm

Alarm Clock

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Advantage
• use to tell individual when to start and when to stop

Disadvantage
• accuracy

Alarm Clock

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travel places
discover new horizon and better locations for settlement
search for food exchange goods

Concerns of People: Transportation

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discover and occupy newplaces
record keeping for places, trades, history and culture.

Concerns of People: Communication

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establishment of new alliances from other tribes
stronger tribes tend to invade weaker tribes I security and protection

Concerns of People: Weapons and Armors

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discovery of cure for diseases

Concerns of People: Conservation of Life

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address specific needs and wants
protection against human attack and natural diseases

Concerns of People: Infrastructure

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style (today)
nation’s identity; status symbol of technological advancement of a certain civilization

Concerns of People: Architecture

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Features
- used to dig earth in a faster pace

Plow

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Advantage
- farmers can cultivate lands faster without taking much time and effort

Disadvantage
- use of other organisms (ex. Cow, Carabao)

Plow

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Considered as great builders, engineers, and architects
contribute one of seven wonders in the ancient world

THE BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

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THE BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION: LOCATION

emerged near Tigris and Euphrates rivers

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Features:
- structures are said to be made up of layers upon layers of gardens that contained several species of plants, trees, and vines

according to legends, great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II built the garden for his wide Queen Amytis

Hanging Garden of Babylon

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Advantage
- one of the wonders in the ancient world

Disadvantage
- no physical evidence of existence
- exact location is unknown
- lack documentation or archaeological evidence

Hanging Garden of Babylon

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Features - ______ is a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt - thin sheet produce by ______ used for writing

Paper of Papyrus

Advantage - lighter and thinner than clay tablets - easy to carry and store (sending letters are easier) - less breakable Disadvantage - can be damage by termites; damage over time

Paper or Papyrus

- First medical document - Neuroscience - 48 surgical cases - List of sugical instrument

Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (1862)

Method - sun-baked bricks were laid in the ground, and poured bitumen (black sticky substance similar to asphalt) to smoothen the _____

Roads

Advantage - convenient for travelling instead of travelling in soft and muddy ______ - facilitate faster and easier travel Disadvantage - Maintenance

Roads

Features - first true City - unique way how it is erected

Uruk City

Method - big challenge - no building stones, lumber is limited - used mud or clay from the river, mixed with reeds to produced sun-baked bricks

Uruk City

Advantage - Bricks that made the City is used as protection against harsh weather and prevent other people from entering the place as well as wild animals Disadvantage - durability of bricks

Uruk City

Features - They have advanced mathematical and astronomical knowledge of the following: - Constellations - Distance from the earth to the sun - Orbit of the earth was elliptical Number of planets in our galaxy

Astronomy and Astrology

Methods - four vessels lined up vertically - upper vessel supplied water which dropped to the vessel below and set to be filled at a given time - After it was full, water was siphoned off at a faster rate into the third vessel - The third vessel will caused the explosion of the air, creating a whistling noise - The third vessel would empty towards the bottom vessel for storage and reuse

Alarm Clock

Features • mill uses water wheel or water turbine to drive a mechanical process such as milling (grinding, rolling or hammering) • used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was necessary for food processing

Water Mill

Advantage • mass production of rice, cereals, flours and the likes • less effort and time to operate • only requires access to rivers or flowing water Disadvantage • water dependent

Water Mill

Known for unique infrastructures established by pharaohs

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

- Most powerful person in ancient Egypt. - "Lord of the Two Hands" - Ruler of Upper and Lower Egypt - "High Priest of Every Temple" - Represented the gods on Earth

Pharaoh

Features • used to improve and highlights facial features • it function for both health and aesthetic reasons • wore kohl to prevent and cure eye diseases • the use of it varies slightly between socials classes • Upper class - more make-up, pale skin • Lower class - tanned, dark skin

Cosmetics

Features • used for writing in papyrus • combination of soot with diff. chemicals to color the ink • Combination of soot with different chemical such as Carbon and Copper • must stand the elements in nature since it is used for history, culture, and codified laws

Ink

Features • hiero' - holy and 'glyphics' - marks or writing taken together as "holy writings" • writing using symbols provided by gods • carved in the walls of pyramids in Egypt

Hieroglyphics

Features • hiero' - holy and 'glyphics' - marks or writing taken together as "holy writings" • writing using symbols provided by gods • carved in the walls of pyramids in Egypt

Hieroglyphics

Other contributions

• Pyramid of Giza • Tomb inscriptions • Arts and anticrafts •Wall painting • Toothpaste • Handheld mirror

Features • used to enhance appearance, health and wellness

Wig

Advantage • protection from rays of the sun (bald) • healthier in comparison to natural hair (lice invasion) Disadvantage • carried by the wind • can produce smell when worn without washing

Wig

Advantage • protection from rays of the sun (bald) • healthier in comparison to natural hair (lice invasion) Disadvantage • carried by the wind • can produce smell when worn without washing

Wig

Features: • device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel into another • used as timekeeping device

Water Clock or Clepsydra

How it works • amount of water remained in the device determines how much time has elapsed since it is full

Water Clock or Clepsydra

Features • They carried out surgical operations • Diagnosis and prognosis of recognized sickness and treat it with organic natural compositions like honey and medical plants.

Treatment of Sickness

Features • mode of transportation in rivers and seas • used to carry large quantities of products • cover large distances

Sailboats

Advantage • essential for transportation Disadvantage • limited accommodation for people and products

Sailboats

Feature _______were used for farm work and food processes

Wheel

Advantage • used ______ mass production of products were made easier • less effort for farmers to mill grains Disadvantage • durability (first wheels)

Wheels

Features • The first ________ in the world, the _______ of Alexandria, was actually built in Egypt. • During this time Egypt was under Greek control after submitting to Alexander's rule.

Library

Features • Like the first library, the first ________ in the world was located in the Greek-controlled Egyptian kingdom of Alexandria. • The structure was called the ________ of Alexandria, or the Pharos of Alexandria

Lighthouse of Alexandria

Features • The _____ Games started in ancients Greece, specifically in the city of Olympia • The participants were the city-states of Ancient Greece and its Colonies also held every tour years in honor of Zues, the king god.

Olympics

Features • gazettes contained announcement of roman empire • engraved in metal or stone tablets and displayed publicly • invention of paper made them easier to publish matters that needed the attention of Roman citizens • Roman military victories • Birth • Death notices • Appeared on 131 B'C • Was also known as "Acta Diura" or "daily facts"

Newspaper

• Features • Invented by Aisa Mijeno, the lighting system that utilizes the abundant material in the Philippines which is the saltwater • Salt (Sustainable Alternative Lightning) on saltwater • Safer to use because it possess no risk on fire and emits no toxic gas • Two tablespoon of salt and a glass of tap water (in the banrio)

Salt Lamp

Features • Invented by Aisa Mijeno, the lighting system that utilizes the abundant material in the Philippines which is the saltwater • Salt (Sustainable Alternative Lightning) on saltwater • Safer to use because it possess no risk on fire and emits no toxic gas • Two tablespoon of salt and a glass of tap water (in the banrio)

Salt Lamp

Features • High mortality rate of babies during 20th century • Lack of available _______ due to lack of resources and electricity • Dr Fe del Mundo, a Filipino Pediatrician and first Asian woman admitted into Harvard medical School devised a ________ made from cheap and indigenous material that do not run on electricity.

Medical Incubator

Features • Julius Caesar stacked up papyrus to form pages of book and provide wax cover for protection. Later, it was replaced by animal skin that provide stronger and long-lasting protection

Bound Book or Codex

Advantage • useful in record keeping such as historical events and newly legislated laws Disadvantage • do not last forever (prone to insects such as termites)

Bound Book or Codex

Features • most visual contribution of ancient Roman Empire • creatively redesign old architectural designs to produce sturdier and stronger infrastructures • building of large churches (cathedrals and basilicas), coliseums, amphitheaters and residential houses

Roman Architecture

theorized that the Earth may orbit the Sun and came up with a fairly accurate estimate for the circumference of the Earth.

ASTRONOMY

developed a device for calculating the movements of the planets which is sometimes considered the first computer.

ASTRONOMY

Greeks applied their skills in math to help describe the stars and the planets.

ASTRONOMY

MEDICINE

The Greeks were one of the first civilizations to study medicine as a scientific way to cure illnesses and disease.

He who taught that diseases had natural causes and they could sometimes be cured by natural means. The Hippocratic Oath to uphold medical ethics is still taken by many medical students today.

HIPPOCRATES

Features • only man-made structure that can be seen in the outer space • largest and most extensive infrastructure built • constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control borders of China

Great Wall of China

Advantage • tourist attraction; protection Disadvantage • divides China from the rest of the world

Great Wall of China

Features • developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieved immortality (elixir of life) • creation of death when used to propel bullets from guns and cannons • use to dissipate any attempts of invasion

Gun Powder

Methods • combination of charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate that produces large amount of heat and gas in an instant

Gun Powder

Advantage • celebration (fireworks display) Disadvantage • cause of death and triggers war against nations

Gun Powder

Features • An optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects • Used by the navigators and sea captains to see far and wide area to avoid dangers (ex. Sea) • known as refractor

Telescope

Features • Used not only as offensive device but also as defensive device. • For open area, they used cross bows and long bows so that they could attack enemy fromlong ranges. • Soldiers wear iron armors in close range hand-to-hand combat • Since armors have limitation, the used of chainmail is practiced

War Weapons

Known as the middle Kingdom • Less popular status among all civilization

Chinese Civilization

Location of the Chinese Civilization

Far East of Asia

Features • Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral illness endemic in tropical and sub-tropical area including Philippines • A virus carried by Aedes aegypti usually in rainy season • Introduced by DOST known as OL Trap System • Made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitoes but safe to human and environment

Mosquito Ovicidal or Larvicidal Trap System

Disadvantages of Insecticides • not safe to human and environment • resistance of mosquito population

Mosquito Ovicidal or Larvicidal Trap System

Disadvantages of Insecticides • not safe to human and environment • resistance of mosquito population

Mosquito Ovicidal or Larvicidal Trap System

Features • produced by silk worms • process by Chinese to produce paper and clothing

Silk

Features • produced by silk worms • process by Chinese to produce paper and clothing

Silk

Advantage • resulted in creation of a product for trade and opened China to the outside world which bridges the gap between western and middle kingdom

Silk

Features • beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves • first Tea was drunk by the first Emperor in China

Tea Production

Methods • Chinese inventor created a machine that was able to shred a tea leaves into strips

Tea Production

Features • People used animal oil first to illuminate their houses however, it cannot suffice to the need of the people. • Samuel M. Kier invented kerosene by refining ______ • Kerosene was later referred as 'illuminating oil" used to provide lighting to houses • Later applied to heating purposes • The development of kerosene established the ____ refinery industry. • widely used in powering automobiles, factories, power plant etc.

Petroleum Refinery

Features • Invented by Alexander Graham Bell • Used to maintain connections and communication as more people got connected by trade and explorations. • Device used to discussed and address day-to-day decisions at the fastest time possible.

Telephone

Features • Used to compute complicated equations faster and easier: • Computing devices are easy to carry to utilized them on day-to-day basis

Calculator

Events/Activities • Vulnerable in natural disasters • Discoveries and inventions were built from indigenous materials or created to adapt harsh tropical environment.

Philippine Inventions

•Conversion of American military jeeps used in WWII into jeeps • Nowadays, attachment of sidecar to the tricycle to accommodate more passengers • During rainy season, tricycle cannot traverse the streets

Salamander Amphibious Tricycle

Roman Architecture

Features • number system used to address the need for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing communication and trade system

Roman Numerals

Disadvantage • no longer used widely today because of its inherent limitations • however, others still used it for aesthetic and historical value

Roman Numerals

BIOLOGY

"biology" comes from the Greek words "bios" (meaning "life") and "logia" (meaning "study of").

The Greeks loved to study the world around them and this included living organisms.

BIOLOGY

He studied animals in great detail and wrote down his observations in a book called the History of Animals.

ARISTOTLE

He heavily influenced zoologists for years by classifying animals according to their different characteristics.

ARISTOTLE

• Preservation of food as well as dairy products such as milk is an issue • milk spoiled faster once not consumed after production and can cause diphtheria, food poisoning and thyphoid • impossible to trade

Pasteurization

Features • invented by Louis Pasteur, French Biologist, Microbiologist and Chemist • the process of heating the dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster • Through this process milk can be stored and consumed for a longer period

Pasteurization

Features • The _________ was first invented as a device for divination as early as the Chinese Han Dynasty (since about 206 BC). • The ________ was used in Song Dynasty China by the military for navigational orienteering by 1040-44, and was used for maritime navigation by 1111 to 1117.

Magnetic Compass

Features • Invented by Johann Gutenberg after the Chinese developed a woodblock printing. • He utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of letters and pressed firmly the cast metal into the paper • Invented to addressed the need for publishing books that would spread information to many people at a faster rate.

Printing Press

Features • A device used to magnify minute things. • Used to investigate diseases to develop proper medicines for treatment. • was invented by Zacharias Janssen and his son Johannes Janssen. • Great breakthrough in the field of medicine and science.

microscope

was known as the father of microbiology and followed the concept of the Janssens.

Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek

Features • Invented by H2O Technologies headed by Dominic N. Chung and Lamberto Armanda, together with the chief designer Victor "Atoy" Llave • can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and lakes

Salamander or amphibious tricycle

MATHEMATICS

"mathematics"comes from the Greek word "mathema" which means "subject of instruction."

He studied geometry and discovered theories (such as Thale's theorem) about circles, Lines, angles, and triangles.

THALES

He discovered the Pythagorean Theorem which is still used today to find the sides of a right triangle.

PYTHAGORAS

wrote several books on the subject of geometry called Elements. These books became the standard textbook on the subject for 2000 years. ELements is sometimes called the most successful textbook in history.

EUCLID

They traveled to search fo food and find better locations nfor settlement. They use this to trade their surplus goods in exchange fo things they lacked.

Transportation and Navigation

What are the six different civilizations

- Summerian Civilization - Babylonian Civilization - Egyptian Civilization - Greek Civilization - Roman Civilization - Chinese Civilization

Where is the Greek Civilization located?

Southern part of Europe

Where is the Egytian Civilization located?

North Africa

It is believed to be the most influential political and social entity in in the west

Roman Civilization

It is the oldest Civilization in Asia

Chinese Civilization

This was essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places relevant to communicating with the natives of the area they visited

Communication

They are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another

Sumerian Civilization

this method was considered the worlds most beneficial engineering works

Irrigation and Dikes

King Nebuchadnezzar built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon for who?

His wife - Queen Amytis

It is the protection of evil and sign of holiness

Cosmetics

known as the birthplace of western philosophy

Greek Civilization

Made use of water or sometimes small stones or sand that drums, which sounded the _____

Alarm Clock

He believed that it utilizes an alarm clock to signal that start of his lecture

Plato

The fist newspaper in the Roman Contribution

Gazettes

Used this for record keeping primarily documenting historical events and newly legislated laws, same with literature

Bound books or Codex

The continuation of Greek architecture due to its resemblance

Roman Architecture

A standard counting method that would meet their increasing communication and trade concerns

Roman Numerals

produced by silkworms and processed to provide paper and clothing

Silk

Developed by a Chinese Alchemist to achieve immortality

Gun powder

Massive Invasiona and migrations were combined , wars were prevalent

Midieval/Middle ages

Also known as the Age of exploration

Midieval/Middle ages

The Printing Press was invented by who?

Johannes Gutenberg

Used for open-area battles

War Weapons

The booming of the world population in the nineteenth century onwards

Modern Times

used for better means of powering homes and transportation

Petroleum Refinery

Fastest way to compute

Calculator

developed to be utilized during a flood or rainy season that can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and lakes

Salamander Amphibious Trycicle

Who invented the Salamander Amphibious Tricycle?

Dominic N. Chung Lamberto Armada Victor “Atoy” Llave

Who invented the Salt Lamp?

Aisa Mijino

An environmental-friendly ligth source that runs on saltwater

SALT Lamp

Was also known as “Acta Diura” or “daily facts”

Newspaper

He who stacked up papyrus to form pages of book and provide wax cover for protection.

Julius Caesar