INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS (2)

Question 1

The term __________________
refers to the period where paradigm
shifts occurred.

Answer 1

“intellectual revolution”

Question 2

It is when the beliefs that have been
widely embraced and accepted by the
people were __________ and _________.

Answer 2

challenged and opposed

Question 3

shift in the field of astronomy from a
geocentric understanding of the universe, centered around Earth, to a heliocentric understanding, centered around the Sun.

Answer 3

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

Question 4

________ suggested that it could be because
of the perspective seen from the stationary
earth - that the irregular movements of
these heavenly bodies were a combination
of several regular circular motions, but
seen as irregular because the earth is
stationary

Answer 4

Ptolemy

Question 5

irregular movements of these heavenly bodies were a combination
of several regular __________

Answer 5

circular motions

Question 6

Dē revolutionibus orbium coelestium

Answer 6

(On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), 1543

Question 7

Engraving of the solar system from Nicolaus Copernicus’s De revolutionibus orbium coelestium libri VI, 2nd ed. (1566; “Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Orbs”), the first published illustration of Copernicus’s _____________________

Answer 7

heliocentric system

Question 8

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

Answer 8

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 9

Engraving from Christoph Hartknoch’s book Alt-und neues Preussen (1684; “___________”), depicting Nicolaus Copernicus as a saintly and humble figure.

Answer 9

(1684; “Old and New Prussia”)

Question 10

A) _______ ________ an English naturalist born in England on February 12, 1809.

Answer 10

Charles Robert Darwin,

Question 11

B) H.M.S. Beagle (His/Her Majesty’s Ship), the ship where Darwin boarded in his voyage
C) The route of the H.M.S. Beagle Ship

Answer 11

DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

Question 12

The _____Islands is located in Ecuador, South America on the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean. The unusual fauna of the island contributed to the groundbreaking theories of Charles Darwin

Answer 12

Galápagos Islands

Question 13

The Galápagos Islands is located in Ecuador, South America on the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean. The unusual fauna of the island contributed to the groundbreaking theories of ___________

Answer 13

Charles Darwin

Question 14

Darwin’s theory argued that organisms gradually evolve through a process he called _____________

Answer 14

“natural selection.”

Question 15

In _____________, organisms with
genetic variations that suit their environment
tend to propagate more descendants than
organisms of the same species that lack the
variation, thus influencing the overall genetic
makeup of the species

Answer 15

natural selection

Question 16

In 1871 Darwin published The Descent of Man, which argued that human beings shared a recent common ancestor with the
great African apes. He identified the defining characteristic of the human species as their relatively_____ ________ ______

Answer 16

large brain size

Question 17

Creationist is someone who believes in a God
who is absolute creator of heaven and earth, out of nothing (ex nihilo).

Answer 17

The Theory of Creation

Question 18

this theory had three
main components: that variation occurred
randomly among members of a species; that an individual’s traits could be inherited by its
progeny; and that the struggle for existence
would allow only those with favorable traits to
survive

Answer 18

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

Question 19

Charles Darwin died in 1882 at the age of __________.

Answer 19

seventy-three

Question 20

Charles Darwin is buried in __________ in London, England the same place where kings, queens and other royals are buried

Answer 20

Westminster Abbey

Question 21

A method for treating mental illness
and also a theory which explains
human behavior.

Answer 21

“Psychoanalysis”

Question 22

He believed that events in our
childhood have a great influence on
our adult lives, shaping our
personality

Answer 22

Freud

Question 23

Freud’s Personality
Components

Answer 23

ID
SUPEREGO
EGO

Question 24

-operates on the pleasure principle
- it focuses on immediate gratification or satisfaction of its needs so whatever feels good now is what it will pursue with no consideration for the reality, logicality, and practicality of the situation.

Answer 24

ID

Question 25

• When the _____ wants something, “it wants it now, it wants it fast!”

Answer 25

ID

Question 26

Sally was thirsty. Rather than
waiting for the server to refill her
glass of water, she reached across
the table and drank from Mr.
Smith’s water glass, much to his surprise

Answer 26

ID EXAMPLE

Question 27

• Embodies the moral aspect (idealistic principle)
• Likened to conscience because it exerts influence on what one
  considers right and wrong

Answer 27

SUPEREGO

Question 28

Sally knew that she could grab the
water from Mr. Smith’s table.
However, she knew that grabbing
someone’s drink was wrong, so she
decided not to take it

Answer 28

EXAMPLE OF SUPEREGO

Question 29

• Operates on the reality principle
• It is aware that other also have needs to be met

Answer 29

EGO

Question 30

• It knows that being impulsive or selfish can result to negative consequences later, so it reasons and considers
  the best response to situations.
• Although it functions to help the ID meet its needs, it always takes into account the reality of the situation

Answer 30

EGO

Question 31

Sally was thirsty. However, she knew
that her server would be back soon
to refill her water glass, so she waited
until then to get a drink, even though
she really just wanted to drink from
Mr. Smith’s glass.

Answer 31

EXAMPLE OF EGO

Question 32

Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual development

Answer 32

1. Oral Stage (Birth to 18 months)
2. Anal Stage (18 months – 3 years old)
3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years old)
4. Latency Stage
5. Genital Stage (Puberty onwards

Question 33

➢ erogenous zone: mouth
➢ the child is focused on oral pleasures or sucking
➢ too much or too little satisfaction can lead to an Oral Fixation or Oral Personality which is shown in an increase focused on oral activities.

Answer 33

ORAL STAGE

Question 34

characterized by stronger tendency to
smoke, drink alcohol, overeat. These individuals may become too dependent on others, easily fooled, and lack leadership traits.

Answer 34

Oral receptive

Question 35

characterized by biting his or her nails,
use curse words or even gossip. They may also become pessimistic and aggressive with relating to people.

Answer 35

Oral Aggressive

Question 36

➢ erogenous zone: anus
➢ the child finds satisfaction in eliminating
and retaining feces
➢ the child needs to work on toilet training

Answer 36

Anal Stage (18 months – 3 years old)

Question 37

obsessed with cleanliness, perfection, and control

Answer 37

Anal retentive

Question 38

Freud believed that during the phallic stage, boys develop unconscious sexual desire for their mother. Boys then see their father as a rival for her mother’s affection.

Answer 38

Oedipus complex

Question 38

➢ erogenous zone: genitals
➢ during this stage, children become
interested in what makes boys and girls
different
➢ preschooler may sometimes be seen fondling with their genitals

Answer 38

Phallic Stage (3-6 years old)

Question 39

person may become messy and
disorganized

Answer 39

Anal expulsive

Question 40

psychologists believed that girls may also develop unconscious sexual desire towards their father

Answer 40

Electra complex

Question 40

➢ it is during this stage that sexual
urges remain repressed
➢ children’s focus is on acquisition of
physical and academic skills
➢ boys relate more with boys, girls
relate more with girls

Answer 40

Latency Stage

Question 41

➢ Adolescents focus their sexual urges
towards the opposite sex

Answer 41

Genital Stage (Puberty onwards)

Question 41

➢ erogenous zone: genitals
➢ the fifth stage of psychosexual
development begins at the start of
puberty when sexual urges are once
again awakened.

Answer 41

Genital Stage (Puberty onwards)