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Anatomy 244 - CVS > Structure of the heart > Flashcards

Structure of the heart Flashcards

1
Q

Fibrous skeleton aka

A

Cardiac skeleton

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2
Q

Fibrous skeleton definition

A

Complex framework of dense collagen rings that connects the annuli of all 4 cardiac valves

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3
Q

Between the 4 annuli are

A

the right and left trigones as well as the membraneous portions of the interatrial, inter-ventricular and atrioventricular septa
(links between rings)

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4
Q

The annuli of the 2 ventricular valves are attached to form a

A

figure 8

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5
Q

Functions of the fibrous skeleton

A
  1. Keeps orifices of valves open
  2. Prevents distortion of openings
  3. Attachment for leaflets and cusps
  4. Attachment for myocardium
  5. Separate impulses originating from the atria and ventricles
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6
Q

Fibrous skeleton

A
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7
Q

External surfaces of the heart

A
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8
Q

Base of the heart

A
  • Fixed posteriorly to the pericardial wall opposite the bodies of the T6-T9 vert. bodies
  • Consists of the left atrium
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9
Q

immediately posterior to the base of the heart is

A

the oesophagus

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10
Q

Apex of the heart location

A

Located deep to the left 5th IC space
+/- 8cm from the central line

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11
Q

Apex of the heart formed by

A

formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle

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12
Q

Anterior surface of the heart
Aka…

A

sternocostal surface of the heart

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13
Q

Anterior surface of the heart direction

A

Directed anteriorly, superiorly and slightly to the left

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14
Q

Anterior surface of the heart Consists of:

A

Mostly the right ventricle and a part of the right atrium and left ventricle

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15
Q

Diaphragmatic surface

A

The heart rests on the diaphragmatic surface in its anatomical position which faces inferiorly and lies on the diaphragm.

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16
Q

What forms the diaphragmatic surface

A

Formed by the left ventricle and a small part of the right ventricle, separated by the posterior inter-ventricular groove

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17
Q

What separates the diaphragmatic surface from the base of the heart

A

the coronary sinus

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18
Q

R and L pulmonary surfaces

A
  • Are broad and convex
  • They face the lungs
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19
Q

L pulmonary surface is formed by the

A

left ventricle

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20
Q

Right pulmonary surface is formed by the

A

right atrium

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21
Q

Right border of the heart

A

Formed by the RA
- From the SVC to the IVC

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22
Q

Inferior border of the heart

A

Mostly formed by the RV and slightly by the LV

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23
Q

left border of the heart

A

Formed by LV and slightly by the left auricle

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24
Q

Sup. border of the heart

A

formed by the R and L atria and the L/R auricle

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25
Q

Forms the transverse pericardial sinus

A

Sup. border of the heart

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26
Q

Internal partitions that form the 4 chambers of the heart produces grooves on the external surface of the heart

A

= external sulci/grooves

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27
Q

External sulci/grooves

A
  • Coronary sulci
  • anterior interventricular sulci
  • posterior interventricular sulci
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28
Q
A
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29
Q

Coronary sulci AKA

A

atrioventricular sulci

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30
Q

Coronary sulci

A

is a groove that circles the heart, making the seperation between the atria and the ventricles

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31
Q

Coronary sulci contents

A
  • right coronary artery
  • the small cardiac vein
  • coronary sinus
  • circumflex branch of the left coronary artery
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32
Q

Anterior and posterior interventricular grooves mark the

A

separation of the two ventricles

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33
Q

Anterior interventricular groove contents

A
  • anterior interventricular artery
  • Great cardiac vein
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34
Q

posterior interventricular groove Location

A
  • on the diaphragmatic surface
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35
Q

posterior interventricular groove contents

A
  • posterior inter ventricular artery
  • middle cardiac vein
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36
Q

All the external sulci are ________ with each other, just to the _____ of the _____ of the heart

A

continuous
right
apex

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37
Q

The area on the lower backside of the heart where the coronary sulcus and posterior inter-ventricular sulcus meet

A

= cardiac crux/ crux of the heart/ crux cordis

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38
Q

Forms the entire right border of the heart

A

Right atrium

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39
Q

The right atrium receives O2 poor blood from the systemic circuit via 3 structures:

A
  1. SVC
  2. IVC
  3. Coronary sinus
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40
Q

ear shaped structure on heart

A

= oracle

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41
Q

Internally, the right atrium has 2 parts

A
  1. The smooth part
  2. The rough part - has horizontal ridges on it
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42
Q

The rough part of the internal right atrium - has horizontal ridges on it.
what are these ridges?

A

Pectinate muscles

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43
Q

Internally, the right atrium has 2 parts. The rough and smooth part.
How are they separated?

A

By a large C shaped ridge
= crista terminalis

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44
Q

Posterior to the end of the crista is a structure/ depression

A

Fossa ovalus

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45
Q

Fossa ovalus

A

In the inter-arterial septum, that marks the spot where an opening existed in the foetal heart (foramen ovalus)

46
Q

Inferiorly and anteriorly, the right atrium opens into the right ventricle, through the

A

tricuspid valve/ right atrioventricular valve

47
Q
A
48
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

LAB RAT
- Left atrium: Bicuspid
- Right atrium: Tricuspid

49
Q

The right ventricle receives ________ blood from the ______ and pumps it through the __________ which is guarded by the ________ into the pulmonary artery

A

deoxygenated
RA
pulmonary orifice
pulmonary valve

50
Q

The right ventricle

A

Triangular in shape and forms the majority of the anterior border of the heart

51
Q
A
52
Q

Pillars

A

= Papillary muscles

53
Q

The RV can be divided into

A
  • Inflow portion
  • And an outflow portion
54
Q

The inflow portion and outflow portion of the RV is separated by a

A

muscular ridge = Supra-ventricular crest

55
Q

The interior of the inflow portion of the RV is covered by a series of irregular muscular elevations

A

= Trabeculae carneae

56
Q

Trabeculae carneae give the R ventricle sponge like appearance and can be grouped into 3 main types:

A

Ridges
Bridges
Pillars

57
Q

Ridges

A

attach along entire length on one side to form ridges along the interior surface of the R ventricle

58
Q

Bridges

A

Attach to the ventricle at both ends, but are free in the middle

59
Q

Most NB example of bridges in the RV

A

= moderator band
= septomarginal trabecula

60
Q

Moderator band/ septomarginal trabecula location

A

Spans between the interventricular septum and the anterior wall of the RV

61
Q

Moderator band/ septomarginal trabecula function

A

Has an important conductive function containing the right bundle branches

62
Q

Papillary muscles are anchored by their _____ to the _____.

A

base
ventricle

63
Q

The apexes of the papillary muscles are attached to

A

fibrous chords
= Chordae tendineae

64
Q

The chordae tendineae are attached to

A

the three tricuspid valve cusps:
Ant. cusp
Septal cusp
Post. cusp

65
Q

By contracting, the papillary muscles pull on the

A

chordae tendineae
- to prevent prolapse of the valve leaflets during the ventricular systole

66
Q

The outflow portion of the RV is the portion

A

that leads the pulmonary artery

67
Q

The outflow portion of the RV is the portion is located in the __________ of the ventricle.

A

superior aspect

68
Q

superior aspect of the RV
contains the

A

conus arteriosus

69
Q

conus arteriosus

A

= smooth walled part of the outflow portion of the RV that goes into the pulmonary trunk

70
Q

makes up most of the hearts posterior surface

A

Left atrium

71
Q

Left atrium receives _______ blood, returning from the lungs from the ________

A

O2 rich
2 R and L pulmonary veins

72
Q

The only part of the left atrium visible anteriorly is its

A

triangular left oracle

73
Q

Internally, most of the left atrial wall is _______ with ______ muscles lining the ______.

A

smooth
pectinate
oracle only

74
Q

The LA opens into the LV through the

A

mitral valve/ Left atrioventricular valve/ bicuspid valve

75
Q

Left atrium

A
76
Q

Forms the apex of the heart and dominates the inferior surface of the heart

A

Left ventricle

77
Q

the LV pumps blood into the

A

systemic circulation

78
Q

like the right ventricle, the LV contains

A

trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, the cusp of the bicuspid valve

79
Q

______, the left ventricle opens into the artery of the systemic circulation =

A

Superiorly
aorta through the aortic valve

80
Q

LV

A
81
Q

4 heart valves divided into 2 kinds

A
  • atrioventricular valves
    = Tricuspid and bicuspid
    = Mitral and tricuspid
  • Semi-lunar valves
    = pulmonary valves and aortic valves
81
Q

4 heart valves divided into 2 kinds

A
  • atrioventricular valves
    = Tricuspid and bicuspid
    = Mitral and tricuspid
  • Semi-lunar valves
    = pulmonary valves and aortic valves
82
Q

Tricsupid valve located

A

Between the RA and RV

83
Q

atrioventricular/ tricuspid valves consist of

A

3 cusps
- Anterior
- Septal
- Posterior cusp

84
Q

The mitral/ bicuspid valve is located between the

A

LA and LV

85
Q

Mitral/ bicuspid valves consists of

A

Anterior and posterior cusp

86
Q

Semilunar valves located

A

Between the ventricles and outflow vessels

87
Q

Pulmonary valve located

A

Between the RV and pulmonary trunk

88
Q

Pulmonary valve consists of

A

3 cusps
- Left
- Right
- Anterior

89
Q

The aortic valve is located

A

between the LV and the ascending aorta

90
Q

The aortic valve consists of

A

3 cusps
- Right - opening of R coronary artery
- Left - opening of L coronary artery
- posterior

91
Q

The R and L cusps of the aortic valve contain the opening of R and L coronary arteries which

A

Marks the origin of the left and right coronary arteries

92
Q

the sides of the leaflets of the cusps of the pulmonary and aortic valves are attached to

A

The walls of the outflow vessel, which is slightly dilated to form a sinus

93
Q

the free superior end of the 3 leaflets are thickened

A

Lunule

94
Q
A
95
Q

the conducting system

A

generates and transmits the impulses that produce the co-ordinated contractions of the cardiac cycle.

96
Q

the conducting system consists of

A

highly specialised conducting fibres for conducting impulses rapidly in the different areas of the heart

97
Q

The pacemaker of the heart

A

The sinoatrial node (SA)

98
Q

SA node location

A
  • anterio-laterally, just deep to the epicardium at the junction of the SVC and the RA, near the superior end near the christa terminalis
99
Q

SA node location

A
  • anterio-laterally, just deep to the epicardium at the junction of the SVC and the RA, near the superior end near the christa terminalis
100
Q

The pacemaker of the heart (SA node) functions

A

Initiates and regulates the impulses of the heart

101
Q

AV node

A

Atrioventricular node
- Is a smaller collection of nodal tissue than the SA node

102
Q

AV node location

A
  • posterio-inferior region of the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus
103
Q

The AV node distributes the signal to the ventricles through structures/ bundles

A

= AV bundle

104
Q

At the junction of the membraneous and muscular part of the inter-ventricular septum, the AV bundle divides into _____

These branches proceed on each side of the muscular inter ventricular septum, deep to _____ and then ramify into the _______

A

the right and left bundles.

endocardium
fibres of purkinje

105
Q
A
106
Q

Extrinsic innervation of the heart

A

Cardiac plexus

107
Q

the Cardiac plexus is

A

Autonomic

108
Q

The cardiac plexus lies on the

A

anterior surface of the bifurcation of the trachea.

109
Q

The cardiac plexus is divided into

A

a superficial and deep portion

110
Q

The cardiac plexus is formed by

A

Sympathetic fibres:
- T1-T5/6
- Stimulates SA node

Parasympathetic fibres:
- Vagus nerves
- Inhibits SA node

111
Q
A

Anatomy 244 - CVS (22 decks)

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