Structure Of The Central Nervous System

Question 1

What is rostral?

Answer 1

→ Towards the front

Question 2

What is caudal?

Answer 2

→ towards the back

Question 3

Why do humans have a curve between dorsal and ventral?

Answer 3

→ we are bipedal

Question 4

Where are humans symmetrical?

Answer 4

→ towards the midline

Question 5

What do you call two things on the same side of the mid line?

Answer 5

→ ipsilateral

Question 6

What do you call two things opposite of the midline?

Answer 6

→ Contralateral

Question 7

What are two ways of describing a neuron projecting from the thalamus to the cortex?

Answer 7

→Thalamic efferent

→ Cortical afferent

Question 8

What does an afferent describe?

Answer 8

→ Where the neuron is projecting to

Question 9

What does an efferent describe?

Answer 9

→ Where a neuron is projecting from

Question 10

What are your eyes in reference to your nose?

Answer 10

→ Lateral

Question 11

What do afferent sensory fibres do?

Answer 11

→ Take sensory information from the periphery to the brain

Question 12

What do efferent motor fibres do?

Answer 12

→ Motor instructions from the brain to the periphery

Question 13

What are the cranial nerves?

Answer 13

→ Olfactory I
→ Optic II

→ Oculomotor III
→ Trochlear IV
→ Trigeminal V
→ Abducens VI
→ Facial VII
→ Vestibulocochlear VIII
→ Glossopharyngeal IX
→ Vagus X
→Accessory XI
→ Hypoglossal XII

Question 14

What type of nerves are the cranial nerves?

Answer 14

→ Sensory
→ Sensory

→ Motor
→ Motor
→ Both
→Motor
→ Sensory
→Both
→ Both
→ motor
→ motor

Question 15

Where does the olfactory nerve project and what do they do?

Answer 15

→ Olfactory cortex - perception of smell
→ Hypothalamus - emotional aspects of smell

→ Amygdala
→ Hippocampus - odour memory

Question 16

Where does the optic nerve project?

Answer 16

Retinal ganglion cells
↓

Lateral geniculate nucleus
↓
visual cortex (occipital lobe)

Question 17

What type of innervation does the oculomotor nerve have and what do they do?

Answer 17

→ Motor - eyeball and eyelid movement

→ Parasympathetic - pupillary constriction and accomodation

Question 18

What does the trochlear nerve do and what type of nerrve is it?

Answer 18

→ eyeball movement

→ motor

Question 19

What type of nerve is the abducens and what does it do?

Answer 19

→ Eyeball movement

→ motor

Question 20

What mediates up and down eye movement and what muscles are used?

Answer 20

→ CN III (oculomotor)

→ superior and inferior rectus muscles

Question 21

What nerve and muscle mediates lateral eye movement?

Answer 21

→ CN III

→ Medial rectus

Question 22

What nerve and muscle mediates diagonal downward movement?

Answer 22

→ CN III

→ Inferior oblique

Question 23

What nerve mediates inward eye movement and what muscle is used?

Answer 23

→ CN IV (trochlear)

→ Superior oblique

Question 24

What nerve mediates lateral eye movement and what muscle is used?

Answer 24

→ CN VI (abducens)

→ Lateral rectus

Question 25

What are palpebrae muscles controlled by?

Answer 25

→ CN II

Question 26

What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 26

→ Opthalmic → Mandibular → Maxillary

Question 27

Where is sensory information transmitted to in the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 27

→ From the periphery down the trigeminal efferent to the somatosensory cortex

Question 28

What types of axons does the facial nerve have and what are their functions?

Answer 28

→ Sensory - taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue → Motor - muscles of facial expression & stapedius muscle → Parasympathetic - salivary lands, lacrimal glands, glands of the nose and palate

Question 29

What type axon does the vestibulocochlear nerve have?

Answer 29

→ Sensory

Question 30

What are the functions and pathways of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Answer 30

Hearing cochlea cells ↓ medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) ↓ auditory cortex (temporal lobe) ``` Balance vestibular hair cells ↓ Ventral posterolateral nucleus ↓ Vestibular cortex (temporal lobe) ```

Question 31

What types of axons does the glossopharyngeal nerve have and what are their functions?

Answer 31

→ Sensory - pharynx, auditory tube in the middle ear, posterior third of the tongue, blood pressure changes in the aorta →motor - swallowing → parasympathetic - salivary glands

Question 32

What type of nerve is the vagus nerve and what are the functions?

Answer 32

→ Sensory - sensation of pain associated with viscera →Motor - muscles for speech and swallowing → Parasympathetic - smooth muscle in : heart, lungs and abdominal organs

Question 33

What type of axon does the accessory nerve have and what does it control?

Answer 33

→ Motor → Cranial : muscles of pharynx, larynx and soft palate → Spinal : head and neck muscles

Question 34

What type of axon does the hypoglossal nerve have and what does it do?

Answer 34

→ Motor | → Tongue for movement, swallowing and speedch

Question 35

What are the three membranes in the skull?

Answer 35

→ Dura mater → Arachnoid membrane → Pia mater

Question 36

What is the dura mater like?

Answer 36

→ tough and inelastic

Question 37

What does the arachnoid membrane do?

Answer 37

→ Adheres layers together

Question 38

What is the pia mater like and what does it do?

Answer 38

→ thin membrane | → adheres closely to the brain

Question 39

What is the subarachnoid space filled with?

Answer 39

→ CSF

Question 40

Where is CSF made?

Answer 40

→ in the choroid plexus

Question 41

Where does CSF go to and from?

Answer 41

→ Flows from the cerebrum ventricles down to the brainstem and spinal cord

Question 42

Where does the CSF enter the subarachnoid space?

Answer 42

→ Via apertures near the cerebellum

Question 43

Where is CSF absorbed?

Answer 43

→ by blood vessels in the subarachnoid space

Question 44

What is the function of CSF?

Answer 44

→ to protect the brain from chemical and physical injury → regulates intracranial pressure → exchanging nutrients and waste products between blood and CNS

Question 45

What is happening when someone is coding?

Answer 45

→ Intracranial pressure is so high that the brain has been pushed downwards into the brainstem

Question 46

What arteries supply blood to the brain?

Answer 46

→ Vertebral arteries and carotid arteries

Question 47

What structure to the arteries of the brain form and what kind of flow is there?

Answer 47

→ Circle of willis | → turbulent flow

Question 48

What is the lateral surface of the cerebrum supplied by?

Answer 48

→ Middle cerebral artery

Question 49

What is most of the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere supplied by?

Answer 49

→ anterior cerebral artery

Question 50

What does the lymphatic system in the brain do and where is it?

Answer 50

→ within the dura mater | → Delivers immune cells

Question 51

What are the major regions of the brain

Answer 51

→forebrain →brainstem →cerebellum

Question 52

What are the axis of the brain?

Answer 52

→Anterior-posterior →Rostral-caudal →Dorsal-ventral →Superior-inferior

Question 53

What are the planes of the brain?

Answer 53

→coronal →horizontal →sagital

Question 54

What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?

Answer 54

→unable to create new memories | →generally unable to recall past memories

Question 55

What is the ventricular system?

Answer 55

comprises a series of interconnected, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled spaces that lie at the core of forebrain and brain stem.

Question 56

What does the ventricular system comprise of?

Answer 56

→Lateral ventricles- paired structures →Third ventricle →Fourth ventricle- extends from cerebral aqueduct.

Question 57

What is the choroid plexus?

Answer 57

responsible for producing the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that fills these ventricular spaces

Question 58

What are the functions of the ventricular system?

Answer 58

→Protection of the brain (e.g. cushion for physical shocks) →Transport (e.g. nutrients, waste products) → regulation of buoyancy. CSF reduces net weight

Question 59

Where does the posterior circulation of the brain arise from?

Answer 59

→vertebral arteries | →Arise from subclavian arteries

Question 60

Where do vertebral arteries converge?

Answer 60

near base of pons to form the basilar artery

Question 61

What does the basilar artery split into?

Answer 61

→the right and left superior cerebellar arteries and the posterior cerebral arteries at the level of the midbrain