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Neuroscience > Introduction To Clinical Neuroscience > Flashcards

Introduction To Clinical Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

What lobe is the most developed in humans?

A

→ The frontal lobe

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2
Q

What is the dura and what does it contain?

A

→ the ‘bag’ that surrounds the brain

→ contains CSF that surrounds the brain

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3
Q

What is the function of the dura?

A

→ Cushions the brain from impact

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4
Q

How much energy does the brain use?

A

→ 20-30% of the energy

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5
Q

What makes up grey matter?

A

astrocytes
→ Neurons
→ glia

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6
Q

What are the connections between grey matter?

A

→ white matter

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7
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

→ They receive signals from other neurons and get processed by the cell body and the signal is transmitted to other cells

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8
Q

What happens when the frontal lobe is damaged and give an example?

A

→ Phineas Gage
→ Personality changes
→ irreverent, impatient

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9
Q

What is Alzheimers?

A

→ Deposition of proteins that damage the brain

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10
Q

What do products of blood breakdown show up as on an X-Ray?

A

→ Bright marks

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11
Q

What creates MRI images?

A

→ magnets within us

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12
Q

How does NMR work?

A

→ Hydrogen atoms have protons
→ Nucleus spins and acts like a small magnet
→ A radiofrequency pulse is given out which interacts with all the protons
→ Protons spin and generate a signal

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13
Q

What is isotropic diffusion?

A

→ the same diffusion in all directions

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14
Q

What is anisotropic diffusion?

A

→ Strong lateral diffusion but perpendicularly weak

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15
Q

How can water move in white matter tracts?

A

→ it can diffuse easily

→ restricted from moving side to side

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16
Q

What is anisotropy a marker of?

A

How much damage is done

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17
Q

Describe the principle that is used when measuring brain activity

A

→ Deoxy Hb is paramagnetic
→ it causes a reduction in the MRI signal intensity
→ when doing something (talking) more O2 and glucose are needed
→ Deoxy Hb is washed out
→ The signal should increase

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18
Q

How do PET scans work?

A

→ Injected radionuclides
→ they decay by emitting a positron
→ It doesn’t travel very far before bumping into an electron
→ the two join together and annihilate and emit a gamma ray
→ The gamma rays are emitted in equal and opposite directions to conserve momentum

19
Q

Give an example of how Parkinsons is detected using a PET scan?

A

→F18 nucleus is attached to dopamine
→ this is picked up by dopamine receptors
→ in normal controls there is a lot of dopamine receptors in the caudate and putamen
→ in patients with parkinsons they are reduced so the signal is less bright

20
Q

How thick is the cortical cortex?

A

→4mm thick comprised of 6 layers

21
Q

What is one way the gut is connected to the brain?

A

→vagus nerve

22
Q

What type of cells in the brain network can turn cancerous?

A

astrocytes

23
Q

What is pareidolia?

A

the tendency to perceive a specific, often meaningful image in a random or ambiguous visual pattern

24
Q

What is cortical homunculus?

A

→the brain’s physical representation of the human body;

→The surface area of cortex dedicated to a body part

25
Q

What does the cortical homunculus tells us?

A

→that humans are very vocal, sensation of hands

26
Q

What is facial agnosia?

A

→can’t recognise face.

27
Q

What is glioblastoma?

A

– highly infiltrative, result of cancerous cells.

→They are diffusive

28
Q

What is hippocampal sclerosis?

A

→Reduced hippocampus structure

→can cause seizures, found in Alzheimers and other dementias

29
Q

What are planar x-rays useful for?

A

→for traumatic brain injuries and structures in them

30
Q

How do x-ray CT work?

A

→X-ray through the body and picked up by detectors which rotate it round whole of body.
→With mathematical processing can be turned into image

31
Q

What is a limitation of x-ray CT?

A

→There is no delineation of grey and white matter within brain- just a single contrasts

32
Q

What does MRI depend on?

A

→different places in the body contain different amounts of water

33
Q

What does the intensity of an image depend on?

A 
→water  content, 
→tissue structure, 
→blood flow, 
→perfusion,  
→diffusion, paramagnetic
34
Q

Describe the differences between T1 and T2 images.

A

→T1-weighted images are produced by using short TE and TR times
→proton energy within fatty tissues of the body
→T2 images fattyANDwater-based tissues of the body

35
Q

What does increased tissue water and loss of cellular structure lead to?

A

→Increased T2

36
Q

What does T1w images give?

A

→grey/white matter contrast

37
Q

Compare water molecules in grey and white matter

A

→In grey matter water in both the intra- and extracellular compartments has relatively free motion.

→In white matter approximately 50% of the tissue volume is accounted for by myelin structures which has low T1 relaxation time

→Hence the average T1 of WM < GM

38
Q

When does cortical folding occur?

A

→before baby is born. Changes still occur right up to early adulthood

39
Q

What is MR spectroscopy?

A

compares the chemical composition of normal brain tissue with abnormal tumor tissue
→ informs on metabolic processes in different diseases

40
Q

What happens to glutamate that is picked up by postsynaptic neuron?

A

→picked up by astrocytes and converted back to glutamine back to presynaptic neuron

41
Q

Where is cerebral blood flow higher?

A

→higher in grey matter compared to white

→The oxygen extraction factor can be measured in PET

42
Q

What is penumbral tissue?

A

→the part of an acute ischemic stroke that is at risk of progressing to infarction but is still salvageable if perfused.

43
Q

Why does WM show up bright on fMRI and have a low T1 relaxation time?

A

→Protons interact with CH3 in the myelin which reduces the T1 relaxation times of the white matter ​
→Myelinated have low T1 relaxation time​

Neuroscience (21 decks)

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