Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What does an EEG measure?

A

→ The combined activity of a large number of similarly orientated neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does an EEG require?

A

→ synchronous activity across groups of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the amplitude of an EEG signal depend on?

A

→ how synchronous the activity of the neurons are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a large summed signal caused by?

A

→ tiny signals summed up to generate a large surface signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a small summed signal caused by?

A

→ the same amount of excitation as a large signal

→ but at irregular intervals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do EEG rhythms correlate with?

A

→ States of behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is high frequency and low amplitude associated with?

A

→ Alertness and wake
→Beta 14-30Hz
→Alpha- 8-13Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is low frequency and high amplitude associated with?

A

→ Non dreaming sleep or coma
→ Theta 4-7Hz
→Delta -<4Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two theories of how rhythms are generated during sleep?

A

→ There is a pacemaker that acts as a conductor (conductor telling everyone to clap)
→ mutual excitation and inhibition and neurons sync to what other neurons are doing (people clapping at random and syncing to each other)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is theorised to be the pacemaker in the brain and why?

A

→ Thalamus

→ thalamic nuclei communicate with every cortical brain structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the hypothesis for slow frequency and high amplitude rhythms during sleep

A

→ Thalamus acts as a gatekeeper it stops information getting to the brain during sleep
(like a spinning arm in an obstacle course)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the hypothesis for fast frequency and low amplitude rhythms during wakefulness

A

→ the brain is attention grabbing to bind together regions needed for task execution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is sensation like in non REM sleep?

A

→ dull or absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is thought like in non REM sleep?

A

→ logical

→ repetitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is movement like in non REM sleep

A

→ occasional

→ involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is sensation like in REM sleep?

A

→ vivid

→ internally generated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is thought like in REM sleep?

A

→ vivid
→ illogical

→ bizarre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is movement like in REM sleep?

A

→ muscle paralysis

→ movement commanded by the brain but not carried out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is temperature, heart rate, breathing and energy consumption like in non REM sleep?

A

→ Decreased temperature
→ decreased heart rate

→ decreased breathing
→ decreased brain energy consumption

20
Q

What is temperature, heart rate, breathing and energy consumption like in REM sleep?

A

→ very low temperature
→ increased heart rate

→ increased breathing
→ very high brain energy consumption

21
Q

What kind of sleep do you begin with?

A

→ non REM sleep

22
Q

When do sleep cycles repeat?

A

→ every 90 minutes

23
Q

How many minutes of non REM do you need to progress into REM?

A

→ 30 minutes

24
Q

Why do we sleep?

A

→ getting rest -cognitive performance is increased after sleeping
→ adaptation to protect themselves and conserve energy

25
Q

When you are awake what neurotransmitters are secreted and from where and what do they do?

A

→ ACh and orexin
→ basal forebrain and hypothalamus

→ increase excitatory activity and decrease synchronous firing

26
Q

When you fall asleep what drives neural activity?

A

→ thalamus

27
Q

What receptor activation promotes sleepiness?

A

→ adenosine

28
Q

What does adenosine receptor activation cause?

A

→ Decrease heart and respiratory rate

→ smooth muscle tone decrease

29
Q

What are adenosine levels like during the day and night?

A

→ day - increasing

→ night - rapidly drop

30
Q

What stimulates adenosine release?

A

→ nitric oxide

31
Q

What other factors contribute to sleepiness?

A

→ inflammatory factors
→Cytokines (e.g. interleukin-1)
→promote non-REM sleep

32
Q

What is melatonin and when is it secreted?

A

→ compound that increases when there is a reduction in light

33
Q

What is body temperature like during the day and night?

A

→ high during the day

→ decreases at night

34
Q

What hormone increases at night?

A

→ Growth hormone

35
Q

What is cortisol like during the day and night?

A

→ Cortisol decreases during the day then increases before wakefulness

36
Q

What are zeitgebers?

A

→ environmental cues such as the sun

37
Q

What is the natural sleep cycle with no cues?

A

→ 24-25 hours

38
Q

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

→ Located between the optic chiasm at the base of the hypothalamus

39
Q

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus do?

A

→ provides a circadian rhythm

40
Q

What happens when the suprachiasmatic nucleus is inhibited?

A

→ The cycles are irregular

41
Q

Describe how melatonin is inhibited

A

→ Ganglion cells have a protein that is reactive to light
→ melanopsin ganglion cells transmit the activation to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

→ this inhibits the pineal gland
→pineal gland is reponsible for the production of melatonin

42
Q

Describe how melatonin is produced

A

→ no activation of melanopsin at night
→ SCN is not activated

→ pineal gland is not inhibited
→ produces melatonin

43
Q

How do neurons in the SCN regulate circadian rhythmicity?

A

→SCN clock genes produce proteins that send feedback to the SCN and inhibit further production of those proteins
→Light information from the retina serves to rest the SCN neuron clocks each day

44
Q

Where are isolation studies done?

A

→deep caves

45
Q

What effect does adenosine have on ACh and noradrenaline and 5-HT?

A

→Inhibitory effect

46
Q

What do adenosine antagonist do?

A

promote wakefulness

Neuroscience (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions