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Neuroscience > Neurons And Glia > Flashcards

Neurons And Glia Flashcards

1
Q

What are dendrites?

A

→ Long thin extensions making a dendritic tree

→ they are the receptive surface of the nerve cell (synaptic inputs)

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2
Q

What is the dimensions of a slice for a light microscope?

A

→ 50micron

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3
Q

What does a microtome slice use?

A

→ slice embedded in wax

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4
Q

What is the disadvantage of a microtome slice?

A

→ The wax interferes with staining chemicals

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5
Q

What is a cryostat?

A

→ A frozen version of a microtome

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6
Q

How can you make the brain transparent?

A

→ Treating the tissue with solvents renders it transparent because it removes the myelin

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7
Q

What does the Nissl stain stain?

A

→ stains RNA

→ but only in nerve cell bodies

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8
Q

What does the Golgi method use?

A

→ Silver chromate creates a dense black stain

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9
Q

What is the disadvantage of the Golgi method?

A

→ It only labels 1-2% of cells

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10
Q

What is a multipolar nerve cell?

A

→ Many dendrites coming off from the cell body

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11
Q

What is a pyramidal nerve cell?

A

→ dendrites form a triangular shape

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12
Q

What is a spiny nerve cell?

A

→ Some dendrites have spines

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13
Q

What is a pseudounipolar dendrite?

A

→ Sensory cell

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14
Q

What is a bipolar dendrite?

A

→ two dendritic ends

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15
Q

Describe how you visualise the axon

A

→ Intracellular injection of biocytin with a very small pipette
→ Set of antibodies against the tracer

→ Antibodies against the tracer antibodies

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16
Q

What is an advantage of the antibody method?

A

→ Can see multiple features within the cell

→ Can record the electrical activity using the same electrode pipette

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17
Q

What is a disadvantage of the antibody method?

A

→ Intracellular injections will not give long-range connections

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18
Q

How can long range connections be seen?

A

→ Small extracellular injections of tracer are taken up and transported by the axons

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19
Q

What is retrograde transport?

A

→ Transporting back to where the axons came from

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20
Q

Where are excitatory synapses found?

A

→ On the end of dendritic spines

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21
Q

What do microtubules carry away from the cell body?

A

→ Structural proteins
→ Neurotransmitter associated proteins

→ Organelles
→ they are the motorways that kinesin travels down

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22
Q

What do microtubules carry towards the cell body?

A

→ Signaling proteins

→ Debris and used materials

23
Q

What is the function of actin microfilaments?

A

→ Provide support
→ help to maintain the shape of cell body and neurites

→ play a vital role in neural embryonic growth and help shape axons and dendrites

24
Q

How are actin microfilaments involved in memory formation?

A

→ change the shape of the dendritic spines hence the growth of synapses during memory formation

25
Q

What does the actin skeleton do?

A

→ Actin skeletons within the filopodia grow or shrink in response to chemical signals

26
Q

What is the function of tau protein?

A

→ proteins that bind together cytoskeletal elements

27
Q

What disease is tau protein found in?

A

Alzheimers

28
Q

What are the 6 functions of astrocytes?

A

→ They control the movement of materials into and out of tissue
→ Flush waste products from the brain

→ Remove used neurotransmitter from fast synapses
→ control synaptic development and function
→ control electrolyte level in the extracellular space
→ Manufacture/break down substances on behalf of neurons

29
Q

How is the blood brain barrier formed?

A

→ Astrocytes make contact with capillaries which induces them to form the blood brain barrier

30
Q

What do astrocytes look like?

A

→ A blanket around nerve cells

31
Q

How do astrocytes link together?

A

→ In chain gangs that transport material to and from neurons

32
Q

What are the two types of myelinating glia?

A

→ Neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)

→ Oligodendrocytes

33
Q

What is the difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes?

A

→ Schwann cells myelinate a single axon in a peripheral nerve
→ Oligodendrocytes myelinate multiple axons in the CNS

34
Q

What disease arises when myelinating glia are damaged?

A

→ Parkinsons

35
Q

What are microglia?

A

→ Immune cells that migrate into the CNS very early in development

36
Q

Why are microglia not considered glia?

A

→ they do not arise from the neural tube like other glial cells

37
Q

What are the 4 functions of microglia?

A

→ help the direct development of neurons and constantly monitor their health
→ become ameboid and travel to areas of injury/infection- microglia contract their processes going from a ramified shape into an ameboid structure

→ engulf and eliminate microbes, damaged cells and other particulate matter
→ Secrete factors essential for recovery and repair

38
Q

What are the four types of glial cells?

A

→astrocytes
→microglia
→ependymal
→oligodendrocytes/Schwann

39
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

provide the lining of the ventricular system of both the brain and spinal cord.

40
Q

What are the functions of the ependymal cells?

A

→Osmotic regulation of cerebrospinal fluid

→Flow of cerebrospinal fluid

→Directing cell migration during brain development

→act as a physical barrier separating brain tissue from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

41
Q

What do deficits in ependymal cell function link with?

A

→severe neurological condition hydrocephalus

42
Q

What is brainbow mice?

A

→Fluorescence microscopy and genetic manipulation techniques (e.g. Cre-Lox) allow us to see brain regions and individual neurons/glial cells in breath-taking detail

43
Q

What does a prototypical neuron look like?

A

→cell body
→axon
→dendrites

44
Q

What are neurofilaments?

A

→A type of intermediate filament – particularly abundant in axons and important in regulating axonal shape

45
Q

What are axons composed of?

A

→Axon hillock
→axon proper
→axon terminal

46
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

→tapers away from the soma to form the initial segment of the axon

47
Q

What is the axon proper?

A

axon can branch to form axon collaterals (and recurrent collaterals)

48
Q

What is the axon terminal?

A

→site at which the axon comes into contact with other neurons at a synapse

49
Q

How do the cytoplasm of the axon proper and terminal differ?

A

→microtubules in proper do not extend to terminal
→terminal contains a pool of synaptic vesicles for neuron to neuron contact.
→ higher levels of mitochondria in terminal

50
Q

What are the two types of dendritic spines?

A

→pyramidal

→stellate

51
Q

What are the three types of neurones according to the connections they make?

A

→sensory
→interneuron
→motor neuron

52
Q

What are the two types of axon length?

A

→Golgi type I- extend to other regions

→Golgi type II- localised

53
Q

What are the 6 types of neurotransmitters in neurons?

A 
→acetylcholine
→GABA
→glutamate
→dopamine
→serotonin
→noradrenaline

Neuroscience (21 decks)

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