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Neuroscience > Emotion > Flashcards

Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two theories of emotion?

A

→ James-Lange

→ Cannon-Bard

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2
Q

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A

→ we experience emotions in response to physiological changes in our body

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3
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

A

→ We can experience emotions independently of emotional expression

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4
Q

When are emotions produced?

A

→ When signals reach the thalamus either directly from sensory receptors or by descending cortical input

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5
Q

What is the brain system responsible for emotion?

A

→ Broca’s limbic lobe

→primitive cortical gyri that form a ring around the brain stem

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6
Q

What are the 3 structures that make up Broca’s limbic lobe?

A

→ Parahippocampal gyrus
→ Cingulate gyrus

→ Subcallosal gyrus

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7
Q

What 3 areas of the brain form a ring around the corpus callosum?

A

→ Cingulate Gyrus of the Cingulate Cortex
→ Medial surface of the Temporal lobe

→ Hippocampus

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8
Q

Describe the pathway that emotion takes

A

→ Neocortex sends signals to the cingulate cortex which is responsible for emotions
→ this sends a signal via the hippocampus and then fornix to the hypothalamus where the expression of emotion occurs
→then to the anterior nuclei thalamus

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9
Q

What is the proof that the hippocampus is involved in the behavioural expression of emotion?

A

→ Rabies infects the hippocampus

→ hyperemotional responses

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10
Q

What does a lesion in the anterior thalamus cause?

A

→ Spontaneous laughing or crying

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11
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the hippocampal complex?

A

→ Dentate gyrus
→ CA1-CA4 subfields

→ Subiculum

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12
Q

What are the 6 structures that make up the limbic system?

A

→ Cingulate gyrus
→ Parahippocampal structures

→ Septal nuclei
→ Amygdala
→ Entorhinal cortex
→ Hippocampal complex

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13
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

→ Attaches behavioural significance and response to a stimulus

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14
Q

What does damage to the limbic system in animals cause?

A

→ profound effects on emotional responsiveness

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15
Q

What are the 3 roles of the cingulate gyrus?

A

→ Complex motor control
→ Pain perception

→ Social interactions/mood

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16
Q

What roles do the hippocampus and the para-hippocampal areas have?

A

→ memory

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17
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

→ Involved in learning and storage of emotional aspects of experience

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18
Q

What are the 2 ways to find out the function of a structure in the brain?

A

→ Lesion brain part

→ Hyperactivate it

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19
Q

Where is there activity during fear?

A

→ Activity in the amygdala

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20
Q

What emotions does the amygdala control?

A

→ Fear
→ Anxiety

→ Aggression

21
Q

Where is the amygdala found?

A

→ Near the hippocampus

22
Q

What are the 3 subnuclei of the amygdala?

A

→ Corticomedial nuclei
→ Central nucleus

→ Basolateral nucleus

23
Q

Where does the amygdala receive input from?

A

→ The neocortex

→ All lobes including the hippocampal and cingulate gyri

24
Q

What do the basolateral nuclei receive information from?

A

→ ALL sensory systems

25
Q

What is the output of the amygdala?

A

→ Hypothalamus

26
Q

What are the amygdala output pathways?

A

→ Stria terminalis

→ Ventral amygdalofugal pathway

27
Q

What happens when the temporal lobe(temporal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus) is removed in animals?

A

→ Psychic blindness
→ Oral tendencies

→ Emotional changes
→ Altered sexual behaviour

28
Q

What does an amygdalectomy do?

A

→ Reduces fear
→ Reduces aggression

→ reduces ability to recognize a fearful expression
→ Flattened emotion

29
Q

What happens if you hyperactivate the amygdala?

A

→ Increased vigilance
→ Anxiety

→ Fear
→ Aggression

30
Q

What is the amygdala involved in?

A

→ PTSD

→ Giving emotional content to memories

31
Q

What are the two types of aggression?

A

→ Predatory aggression

→ Affective aggression

32
Q

What is predatory aggression?

A

→ Attacks made against a member of a different species to obtain food
→ No sympathetic activity

33
Q

What is affective aggression?

A

→ For show
→ Threatening postures

→ Social hierarchy
→ High levels of sympathetic activity

34
Q

What are the two surgeries to reduce human aggression?

A

→ Amygdalaectomy

→ Psychosurgery

35
Q

What are the effects of psychosurgery?

A

→ Reduced aggressive behaviour
→ relief from anxiety

→ Unpleasant side effects

36
Q

What happens when you remove the cerebral hemispheres but not the hypothalamus?

A

→ sham rage

37
Q

What happens when you remove both cerebral hemispheres and the anterior hypothalamus?

A

→ sham rage

38
Q

What happens when you remove the posterior hypothalamus?

A

→ No sham rage

39
Q

What does electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus lead to?

A

→ Effective and predatory aggression

40
Q

What is affective aggression elicited by?

A

→ Stimulating the medial hypothalamus

41
Q

What is predatory aggression elicited by?

A

→ Stimulating the lateral hypothalamus

42
Q

What are the 2 structures involved with predatory aggression?

A

→Medial forebrain bundles

→ Ventral tegmental area

43
Q

What are the 2 structures involved with affective aggression?

A

→ Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

→ Periaqueductal grey matter

44
Q

How is aggression related to serotonin?

A

→ inversely related to serotonergic activity

45
Q

What antagonists increases aggression?

A

→ 5HT antagonists

46
Q

What agonists decrease aggression?

A

→ 5HT1A

→ 5HT1B

47
Q

What is the fornix?

A

connects hippocampus to hypothalamus

48
Q

Which part of the amygdala is involved in behavioural reaction?

A

→periaqueductal grey matter

Neuroscience (21 decks)

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