Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two theories of emotion?

A

→ James-Lange

→ Cannon-Bard

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2
Q

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A

→ we experience emotions in response to physiological changes in our body

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3
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

A

→ We can experience emotions independently of emotional expression

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4
Q

When are emotions produced?

A

→ When signals reach the thalamus either directly from sensory receptors or by descending cortical input

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5
Q

What is the brain system responsible for emotion?

A

→ Broca’s limbic lobe

→primitive cortical gyri that form a ring around the brain stem

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6
Q

What are the 3 structures that make up Broca’s limbic lobe?

A

→ Parahippocampal gyrus
→ Cingulate gyrus

→ Subcallosal gyrus

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7
Q

What 3 areas of the brain form a ring around the corpus callosum?

A

→ Cingulate Gyrus of the Cingulate Cortex
→ Medial surface of the Temporal lobe

→ Hippocampus

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8
Q

Describe the pathway that emotion takes

A

→ Neocortex sends signals to the cingulate cortex which is responsible for emotions
→ this sends a signal via the hippocampus and then fornix to the hypothalamus where the expression of emotion occurs
→then to the anterior nuclei thalamus

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9
Q

What is the proof that the hippocampus is involved in the behavioural expression of emotion?

A

→ Rabies infects the hippocampus

→ hyperemotional responses

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10
Q

What does a lesion in the anterior thalamus cause?

A

→ Spontaneous laughing or crying

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11
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the hippocampal complex?

A

→ Dentate gyrus
→ CA1-CA4 subfields

→ Subiculum

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12
Q

What are the 6 structures that make up the limbic system?

A

→ Cingulate gyrus
→ Parahippocampal structures

→ Septal nuclei
→ Amygdala
→ Entorhinal cortex
→ Hippocampal complex

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13
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

→ Attaches behavioural significance and response to a stimulus

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14
Q

What does damage to the limbic system in animals cause?

A

→ profound effects on emotional responsiveness

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15
Q

What are the 3 roles of the cingulate gyrus?

A

→ Complex motor control
→ Pain perception

→ Social interactions/mood

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16
Q

What roles do the hippocampus and the para-hippocampal areas have?

A

→ memory

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17
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

→ Involved in learning and storage of emotional aspects of experience

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18
Q

What are the 2 ways to find out the function of a structure in the brain?

A

→ Lesion brain part

→ Hyperactivate it

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19
Q

Where is there activity during fear?

A

→ Activity in the amygdala

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20
Q

What emotions does the amygdala control?

A

→ Fear
→ Anxiety

→ Aggression

21
Q

Where is the amygdala found?

A

→ Near the hippocampus

22
Q

What are the 3 subnuclei of the amygdala?

A

→ Corticomedial nuclei
→ Central nucleus

→ Basolateral nucleus

23
Q

Where does the amygdala receive input from?

A

→ The neocortex

→ All lobes including the hippocampal and cingulate gyri

24
Q

What do the basolateral nuclei receive information from?

A

→ ALL sensory systems

25
What is the output of the amygdala?
→ Hypothalamus
26
What are the amygdala output pathways?
→ Stria terminalis | → Ventral amygdalofugal pathway
27
What happens when the temporal lobe(temporal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus) is removed in animals?
→ Psychic blindness → Oral tendencies → Emotional changes → Altered sexual behaviour
28
What does an amygdalectomy do?
→ Reduces fear → Reduces aggression → reduces ability to recognize a fearful expression → Flattened emotion
29
What happens if you hyperactivate the amygdala?
→ Increased vigilance → Anxiety → Fear → Aggression
30
What is the amygdala involved in?
→ PTSD | → Giving emotional content to memories
31
What are the two types of aggression?
→ Predatory aggression | → Affective aggression
32
What is predatory aggression?
→ Attacks made against a member of a different species to obtain food → No sympathetic activity
33
What is affective aggression?
→ For show → Threatening postures → Social hierarchy → High levels of sympathetic activity
34
What are the two surgeries to reduce human aggression?
→ Amygdalaectomy | → Psychosurgery
35
What are the effects of psychosurgery?
→ Reduced aggressive behaviour → relief from anxiety → Unpleasant side effects
36
What happens when you remove the cerebral hemispheres but not the hypothalamus?
→ sham rage
37
What happens when you remove both cerebral hemispheres and the anterior hypothalamus?
→ sham rage
38
What happens when you remove the posterior hypothalamus?
→ No sham rage
39
What does electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus lead to?
→ Effective and predatory aggression
40
What is affective aggression elicited by?
→ Stimulating the medial hypothalamus
41
What is predatory aggression elicited by?
→ Stimulating the lateral hypothalamus
42
What are the 2 structures involved with predatory aggression?
→Medial forebrain bundles | → Ventral tegmental area
43
What are the 2 structures involved with affective aggression?
→ Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus | → Periaqueductal grey matter
44
How is aggression related to serotonin?
→ inversely related to serotonergic activity
45
What antagonists increases aggression?
→ 5HT antagonists
46
What agonists decrease aggression?
→ 5HT1A | → 5HT1B
47
What is the fornix?
connects hippocampus to hypothalamus
48
Which part of the amygdala is involved in behavioural reaction?
→periaqueductal grey matter