Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > Motivation > Flashcards

Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

What is motivation?

A

→ A physical need

→ Wanting/liking something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

→ Maintain homeostasis by regulating three interrelated functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 things that the hypothalamus controls?

A

→ Endocrine secretion
→ Autonomic nervous system

→ Emotions and drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe anabolism

A

→ glucose goes to the liver

→ Skeletal muscle stores glucose as glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe catabolism

A

→ Glycogen gets broken down to glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is parabiosis?

A

→ Sharing of blood circulation between animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do obese mice not produce?

A

→ leptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens if you connect an ob/ob mouse and a normal mouse via parabiosis?

A

→ the ob/ob mouse will decrease in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does leptin bind?

A

→ Leptin receptors on the arcuate nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When is leptin released and why?

A

→ When you finished eating

→ to stop feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

→ At the base of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens when you lesion the VMH?

A

→ weight gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens during lateral hypothalamic syndrome?

A

→ Diminished appetite for food

→ Anorexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens during ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome?

A

→ Overeating

→ Obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the anorectic peptides?

A

→ Alpha MSH

→ CART

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the anorexic response

A

→ Leptin increases in circulation
→ Leptin binds to receptors on the arcuate nucleus

→ Alpha MSH and CART neurons in arcuate nucleus are activated which project to the lateral hypothalamus
→ These neurons release alpha MSH and CART peptides
→ Peptides inhibit feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe how the basal metabolic rate is increased during the anorexic response

A

→ Leptin stimulates the Alpha MSH and CART neurons of the Arcuate Nucleus.
→ These neurons extend from the Arcuate Nucleus to the Paraventricular Nucleus.

→ The Paraventricular Nucleus is stimulated and stimulates the release of ACTH and TSH from the Anterior Pituitary.
→ ACTH and TSH increases the basal metabolic rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the orexigenic response

A

→ Leptin levels are low.
→ CART and alpha MSH neurons of the Arcuate Nucleus are inhibited.

→ NPY and AgRP neurons in Arcuate Nucleus are activated which project to the lateral hypothalamus.
→ These neurons release NPY and AgRP peptides.
→ Peptides stimulate feeding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe how the basal metabolic rate is decreased during the orexigenic response

A

→ Low Leptin levels inhibits the Alpha MSH and CART neurons of the Arcuate Nucleus whilst activating the AgRP and NPY neurons.
→ These neurons extend from the Arcuate Nucleus to the Paraventricular Nucleus.

→ AgRP and NPY inhibit the Paraventricular Nucleus thus it cannot stimulate the release of ACTH and TSH from the Anterior Pituitary.
→ A lack of ACTH and TSH means a decreased basal metabolic rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do alpha MSH and AgRP bind to?

A

→ MC4 receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does alpha MSH do to the MC4 receptor?

A

→ It activates the receptor

→inhibits feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does AgRP do to the MC4 receptor?

A

→ Inhibits the receptor

→ Increases feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 2 lateral hypothalamic peptides?

A

→ Melanin concentrating hormone (MCH)

→ Orexin

24
Q

What are the 3 functions of orexins?

A

→ Promotes meal initiation
→ Decreases sleep and increases arousal

→ Promotes drug addition

25
Q

What is the function of MCH?

A

→ Prolongs consumption

26
Q

What does disruption of the hypothalamus cause?

A

→ Hyperphagia
→ Anorexia

→ bulimia

27
Q

What happens during the cephalic phase?

A

→ Secretion of saliva
→ Gastric juices secreted in the stomach in preparation for food

→ Activated NPY/AgRP

28
Q

What happens during the gastric phase?

A

More secretion of saliva
→ More secretion of gastric juice

→ Distension signals via the vagus nerve

29
Q

What two other substances are released during the gastric phase?

A

→ CCK

→ Insulin

30
Q

What is the connection between serotonin and food?

A

→ 5-HT rises in anticipation of food

→ Spikes during a meal

31
Q

What are the natural rewards?

A

→ Sex
→ Food

→ Water
→ nurturing

32
Q

What is the reward pathway in the brain?

A

→ Dopaminergic neurons that project from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens

33
Q

What do nicotine, cocaine and heroin cause?

A

→ Activation of the mesolimbic pathway

34
Q

How does cocaine work?

A

→ Blocks dopamine transporters in the nucleus accumbens

35
Q

How does heroin work?

A

→ Activates new opioid receptors in the VTA

36
Q

How does nicotine work?

A

→ Activates nicotinic receptors in the VTA

37
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

→ Anything added that follows a behaviour and makes it more likely that the behaviour will occur again in the future

38
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

→ A response or a behaviour that is strengthened by stopping, removing or avoiding a negative outcome

39
Q

What classifies someone as being an addict?

A

→ They suffer from physical and emotional withdrawal symptoms when the drug is taken away

40
Q

What do people who suffer from addiction have?

A

→ Suppressed reward systems

41
Q

What is wanting something driven by?

A

→ Dopamine

42
Q

What is liking something driven by?

A

→ Opioid system

43
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex involved in?

A

→ Willpower

44
Q

Why don’t leptin injections work in humans?

A

→ Addiction is driven by many factors

45
Q

How are gut hormones involved in feeding behaviour?

A

→ acting via vagal afferents act on nuclei within the brainstem (NTS) which in turn signal to the hypothalamus.
→ Some gut hormones may also act directly on the hypothalamic nuclei via the circulation and across the blood-brain barrier

46
Q

How is the pre-frontal cortex involved in feeding behaviour?

A

conditioned taste aversion

47
Q

How is serotonin linked with food?

A

→ 5HT in hypothalamus
→ Rises in anticipation of food
→ Spike during a meal (carbohydrates in particular)

48
Q

What is low serotonin levels associate with?

A

→ anorexia nervosa, → bulimia with depression

49
Q

What is dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens correlated with?

A

→ correlated with motivation but not liking (hedonic)

50
Q

What is microdialysis?

A

→ Measuring neurotransmitter release in vivo

→ Association with behaviour parameters

51
Q

How is the hippocampus involved in feeding behaviour?

A

→ involved in memory and learning. Memory of reward is strong in people developing dependence on food and drugs

52
Q

How is the amygdala involved in feeding behaviour?

A

emotionality. Extended amygdala in dependence

53
Q

What is observed in D2 receptor labelling of obese people?

A

→ downregulation of D2 receptors.

→ So they increase feeding in order to get back to control normal states of satisfaction

54
Q

What are the short term regulation of feeding?

A

→ Gastric distension signals brain via vagus nerve.
→ CCK released in intestines in response to fats
→ Insulin also released by β cells of the pancreas— induces satiety by acting on arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

55
Q

What are the short term regulations of feeding in the cephalic phase?

A

→ Ghrelin released when stomach is empty

→ Activates NPY/AgRP-containing neurons in arcuate nucleus

56
Q

What does removal of ghrelin-secreting cells in the stomach lead to?

A

loss of appetite

57
Q

What is the hypothalamus adjacent to?

A

Adjacent to third ventricle of the brain

Neuroscience (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions