Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A+P > Structure/function of skeleton > Flashcards

Structure/function of skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

The body is a living structure. How many finely integrated interconnected systems are there?

A

there are 6!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 6 body systems?

A

1) skeletal system
2) muscle system
3) Heart and CV system
4) respiratory system
5) nervous system
6) digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

give an example of interconnection:

A

skeletal system provides framework and shape through bones and joints. Muscles provide movement of skeletal framework. The heart and CV system pump 02, nutrients to fuel muscles. The respiritory system takes in 02 and moves waste products. The nervous system is responsible for all demands and actions. Th digestive system breaks down and stores nutrients needed for energy production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

anatomical position

A

body in an upright position with arms and legs parallel, arms by side of body palms facing forwards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does anterior mean?

A

in front or at front of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does posterior mean?

A

behind or at the rear of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

medial

A

towards midline of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

inferior

A

lower aspect of a structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

superior

A

upper aspect of structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

sub

A

underneath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

superficial

A

closer to body surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

deep

A

away from body surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

proximal

A

closer to trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

distal

A

away from trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the structure of the skeletal system?

A

there are 2 types: Bones and different types of cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how many bones are in the human body?

A

around 206

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is bone?

A

it is calcified connective tissue that forms most the adult skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how many types of cartilage are there?

A

Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is Hyaline cartilage ?

A

forms temporary skeleton of foetus, its replaced by bone when calcium is deposited.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where is Hyaline cartilage found/

A

found at the end of long bones to produce synovial joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is Elastic?

A

it has more fibres made from elastin rather than collagen and has the ability to regain and return to original shape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where is Elastic cartilage found?

A

in the ear, Eustachian tube and Epigllotis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is Fibrocartilage?

A

its thicker, stronger, limited distribution in the body and forms various shapes according to its role. ITS A SHOCK ABSORBER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the skeletal function?

A

it has 6!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are 6 skeletal functions ?

A

1) shape
2) protection
3) locomotion
4) attachment
5) storage
6) production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does skeletal shape include ?

A

it provides framework and shape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the 3 body somatotypes?

A

1) Ectomorph ( skinny, tall, lean, long levers)
2) Endomorphic (a short , more rounded with shorter levers)
3) Mesomorph ( athletic frame , broad shoulders narrow hips)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

protection for skeletal system

A

bones protect organs (skull=brain, ribcage/sternum=lungs and heart, vertebral column=spinal column)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

locomotion for skeletal system

A

long bones act as levers that muscles PULL on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

attachment for skeletal system

A

some tissues attach to skeleton through tendons and ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is a ligament

A

attaches bone to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is a tendon

A

attached muscle to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

storage for skeletal system

A

minerals essential to bone growth/development stored in bone marrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

where are triglycerides stored

A

(fats) are stored in adipogtes of yellow marrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

production for skeletal system

A

bones produce red (delivers 02 to muscles and organs) and white (fights bacteria and infections ) cells and platelets in marrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the 2 types of skeleton?

A

1) Axial

2) Appendicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the axial skeleton?

A

bones that form the main frame or axial (spine, ribs and skull)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton?

A

skeleton consisting of bones that attach to the main frame (called appendages)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what does the appendicular skeleton include?

A

upper and lower limbs, the pelvic and shoulder girdles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

how many bones does the skull (cranium) have ?

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is included in the spine?

A 
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacral vertebrae
Coccygeal vertebrae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

how many bones are in the cervical vertebrae, and where is it located?

A

7, neck region (atlas and axis bones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

how many bones are in the thoracic vertebrae, and where is it located?

A

12, trunk region (join with the ribs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

how many bones are in the lumbar vertebrae, and where is it located?

A

5, lower back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

how many bones are in the sacral vertebrae and where is it located?

A

5, fused bones at the back of the pelvis and joins with iliac bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

how many bones are in the coccygeal vertebrae and where is it located?

A

4, fused bones at the tail bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is the thorax?

A

the chest/ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

how many bones are in the thorax and where is it located ?

A

12 pairs, ribs originate from thoracic vertebrae and right/left pairs extend to form chest wall. 1st 7 pairs attach onto sternum. Next 3 pairs have common cartigonous attach to sternum. Last 2 pairs are free (floating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

how many bones are in the sternum?

A

1, forms an immovable joint with clavicle and upper ten pairs of ribs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

how many bones are in the shoulder and what’s the bine called and where is it found?

A

2, scapulae, muscular attachment to ribcage (at the back) and the ribcage (at the front) to maintain position of scapulae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what bones are in the arms?

A

humerous, radius, ulna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

how many bones are in the humerous, where is it located?

A

1, bones of the upper arm and forms part of the elbow joint and shoulder joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

how many bones in the radius and where’s it located?

A

2, outer bones of forearm and forms part of elbow joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

how many bones in the ulna and where it located?

A

2, forms elbow joint and wrist joint with the carpels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what bones are in the hand?

A

carpels
metacarpals
phalanges

57
Q

how many bones in the carpels?

A

16, 2 rows of 4 short bones in the wrist

58
Q

how many bones in the metacarpals?

A

10, 1st metacarpal is thumb, rest are in the palm

59
Q

how many bones in the phalanges?

A

28, each finger has 3 phalangeal bones. Each thumb has 2 phalangeal bones

60
Q

what bones are in the pelvis?

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

61
Q

how many bones in the Ilium?

A

2, large flat iliac bones join with the sacrum to form upper pelvis. Ilium fused with ischium and pubis to form an articulation for lower limbs

62
Q

how many bones in the Ischium?

A

2, sitting bones at bottom of pelvis

63
Q

how many bones in the pubis?

A

2, front of the pelvis

64
Q

what bones are in the leg?

A

Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Patella

65
Q

how many bones in the femur?

A

2, thigh bone is largest in body, forms the knee joint with the tibia

66
Q

how many bones in the tibia?

A

2, thicker, weight bearing long bone of the lower leg

67
Q

how many bones in the fibula?

A

2, finer bone of lower leg. lies outside the tibia and forms part of the ankle joint.

68
Q

how many bones the patella (kneecap)?

A

2, lies within tendons of quadriceps that cross over the knee joint.

69
Q

what are the bones in the feet?

A

Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

70
Q

how many bones in the tarsals?

A

14, form the ankle joint

71
Q

how many bones in the metatarsals?

A

10, first metatarsal is the big toe

72
Q

how many bones in the phalanges/

A

28, each toe has 3 phalangeal bones. each big toe has 2 phalangeal bones

73
Q

how are bones classified?

A

based on formation and shape

74
Q

what are the different types of bones?

A 
long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones
sesamoid bones
75
Q

what are long bones?

A 
greater length than width
has 2 epiphysis at ends of diaphysis
acts as levers
compact bone
more cancellous bone in epiphysis
76
Q

what are short bones?

A

long as they are wide

highly cancellous giving more strength and less weight

77
Q

what are flat bones?

A

thin layer of cancellous bone sandwiched between 2 plate like layers of compact bone (OREO)

78
Q

what are irregular bones?

A

complex shapes

no classification into other groups

79
Q

what are sesamoid bones?

A

develop between tendons at site of considerable friction and tension
protect joint from damage

80
Q

eg of long bones:

A

humerous, femur, fibula, tibia

81
Q

eg of short bones:

A

carpels, tarsals

82
Q

eg of flat bones:

A

scapula, cranial bones, ribs

83
Q

eg of irregular bones;

A

vertebrae and calcaneus ( heel bone)

84
Q

eg of sesamoid bones:

A

patella

85
Q

what makes a long bone? there are 10

A 
epyphysis
diaphysis 
epyphseal plates
hyaline cartilage
perisoteum
compact bone
cancellous bone
medullary cavity
yellow marrow
red marrow
86
Q

what is the epyphysis ?

A

expanded portions at the end of the bone, has cancellous bone tissue

87
Q

what is the diaphysis?

A

main shaft of the bone, has a thick layer of compact bone and hallow center

88
Q

what is the hollow centre of long bones called?

A

medullary cavity

89
Q

what are the epiphyseal plates in long bones?

A

located between the diaphysis and epiphysis to allow bine growth until adulthood

90
Q

what is hyaline cartilage?

A

covers the ends of bone

91
Q

what is the periosteum ?

A

it is a layer of tough, fibrous sheath covering the whole bone

92
Q

what is compact bone?

A

its solid and strong and allows bone to take weight

93
Q

what is cancellous bone?

A

spongy bone tissue containing red marrow

94
Q

what is the medullary cavity in long bones?

A

its a hollow tube that runs thought the centre of a bone(marrow cavity)

95
Q

what is yellow marrow?

A

functions for fat storage and is found in the medullary cavity

96
Q

what is red marrow?

A

functions for various types of blood cell and is found in cancellous bine tissue

97
Q

a fully developed Skelton contains what? there are 2

A

living and non living tissue

98
Q

what is living tissue in a developed skeleton?

A

this is the blood vessels, nerves, collagen and bone cells

99
Q

what are the bone cells?

A

Osteoblasts (builds new bone)
Osteoclasts (clears bone)
Osteocytes (matured osteoblasts)

100
Q

what is non living tissue in a developed skeleton?

A

minerals like calcium and salts

101
Q

what is Ossification?

A

the process where bone is formed in the body from the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts with the addition o of minerals and salts

102
Q

what must be present in order for Ossification to take place?

A

CALCIUM

103
Q

what does calcium do in the Ossification process?

A

Osteoblasts take calcium compounds from the blood nod deposits them in the blood.

104
Q

what are the stages of bone growth?

A

there are 3:

foetal stage
birth to adulthood
adulthood to later

105
Q

what is the foetal stage of bone growth?

A

this is where then Skelton is made up of cartilage. As the the foetus grows, osteoblasts and clasts slowly replace cartilage cells and ossification begins.

106
Q

what is the birth to adulthood stage of bone growth?

A

bones (long) continue to grow through adolescence. bone lengthening is achieved by activity of 2 cartilage plates/heads. the epyphseal plates expand forming new cells and enable the diaphysis to lengthen when the end of bone moves away.

107
Q

when does the Ossification start and end?

A

18-30 years old

108
Q

does old bone get replaced by new bone to maintain bone strength and mass?

A

YES!!!!

109
Q

what happens in later bone life( AFTER ADULTHOOD)

A

calcium is progressively lost from the bones as skeleton ages. (happens to woman earlier called Menopause)

110
Q

what is the loss of calcium called and what is its effect on the bones?

A

Osteoporosis and it increases the chances of bone fractures.

111
Q

what are the factors affecting bone formation? there are 4

A

1) nutrition (calcium in foods; milk,cheese,oily fish, green veg)
2) exposure to sunlight
3) hormonal secretions
4) physical activity and exercise

112
Q

what reduce the intake and absorption of calcium in the body?

A

caffeine, alcohol and carbonated drinks!!!

113
Q

why is exposure to sunlight important to bone formation?

A

UV rays allow skin to produce VitD allowing for greater absorption of calcium in the small intestine.

114
Q

why are hormonal secretions important for bone formation?

A

hormones are produced in the Endocrine system. (HGH in the pituaty gland for general development). Hormones alter chemicals in the blood stream and therefore have alter the absorbing of nutrients in the bones.

115
Q

why is physical activity important to bone formation?

A

weights, running etc keep bones strong and allows for greater blood circulation and therefore greater nutrients are delivered.

116
Q

how many bones are there in the spine, and how is is broken down ?

A

33 (7,12,5,5,4)

117
Q

what are the 5 regions of the spine?

A

1) Cervial vertebrae
2) Thoracic vertebrae
3) Lumbar vertebrae
4) Sacral vertebrae
5) Coccygeal vertebrae

118
Q

what are the 2 secondary curves in the spine?

A

the cervical and lumbar vertebrae

119
Q

what are the 2 fused vertebrae in the spine?

A

the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae

120
Q

what is the primary curve in the spine?

A

the thoracic vertebrae

121
Q

how many curves does a foetus’ spine have?

A

just one, but as the time matures it develops into 4 natural curves

122
Q

what are the 4 natural curves in the spine?

A

there are 2 CONVEX (thoracic, sacral) and 2 CONCAVE (lumbar and cerviacl)

123
Q

bone shape and structure influences movement potential in the spine?

A

TRUE

124
Q

what ranges of motion is available for the cervical vertebrae?

A

flexion, extension, rotation(greatest amount f lateral flexion/rotaion in the spine)

125
Q

what ranges of motion is available for the skull?

A

it sits on top of the atlas bone so has flexion, extension, lateral flexion. (the atlas and axis bone sits tin top of the cervial vertebrae to form a pivot joint so rotation available)

126
Q

what ranges of motion is available for the upper thoracic vertebrae?

A

there is limited motion. the lower thoracic vertebrae has more motion available, and combined they have significant motion

127
Q

what ranges of motion is available for the mbar spine?

A

has some flexion and more extension. Rotation/lateral flexion is limited

128
Q

what ranges of motion are available for the sacral spine?

A

it does not move because it is fused

129
Q

what is the neutral spine?

A

the position of the spine when the natural S-shape curves are all present and are aligned.

130
Q

what does the neutral spine allow? there are 3

A

1) reduced stress on passive areas (ligaments, vertebrae)
2) less chance of strain/injury to lower back
3) IDEAL POSTURE IN EXCERCISE AND LIFE ACHIEVED

131
Q

what are the common postural abnormalities?

A

1) Lordosis (excessive lower back curvature)
2) Kyphosis (excessive mid back curvature)
3) Scolliosis (lateral deviation of the spine)

132
Q

what are the affects of postural abnormalities on the body?

A

increased stress on the spine and surrounding set tissue and decreased efficiency of body movement

133
Q

normal thoracic/lumbar curves are aprrox… in static position, but a curve of more than…is scoliossis

A

20-45degrees, 10 degrees

134
Q

what causes postural deviations?

A

poor sustained posture

trauma

135
Q

describe HYPERkyphosis

A

Hyper means excessive! the muscles at the front of the chest (pectorals) and upper back (upper trapezius) are short and tight, and muscles at the middle of the back (rhomboids) are lengthened and weakened. AKA hunched back

136
Q

describe HYPERlordosis

A

abdominal muscles (rectus abdominus)and trunk stabilising muscles (transverse abdominus), and back extensor (erector spinae) are short and tight. AKA hollow back

137
Q

what happens to the spine during pregnancy?

A

spinal posture changes as the baby causes abdominal muscles to lengthen and weaken. The extra weight of the baby alters the position of the pelvis called hyperlordonic posture.

138
Q

what are the short term effects of exercise on the skeleton/bones?

A

Muscles pull on bones

Increased blood and nutrients circulated to the bones

139
Q

what are the long term effects of exercise on the skeleton/bones?

A

Stronger bones
Greater bone density
Less chance of Osteoporosis
Improved posture

A+P (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions