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A+P > Joints of skeleton > Flashcards

Joints of skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 types of joint?

A

1) Fibrous
2) Cartinigous
3) Synovial

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2
Q

all freely moving joints have these characteristics: (there are 4)

A
  • end of the bones are covered by hyaline cartilage (reduces friction in the movement and is nourished by the release of synovial fluid)
  • are surrounded by a fibrous capsule (bursa) that protects /stabilises the joint.
  • the capsule is lined by synovial membrane that secrets synovial fluid lubricating the joint. when the joint moves the temp of synovial fluid increases so flows more
  • muscles cross over the joints and attach to bones via tendons
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3
Q

what do the ares of the fibrous capsule form when they thicken?

A

ligaments

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4
Q

definition of cartilage:

A

it is a dense, tough, fibrous connective tissue that is able to withstand compression forces. It does not have a blood supply, so has limited repair abilities.

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5
Q

how many types of cartilage is there and what are they ?

A

there are 2!!!
1) Hyaline (covers the bone to form freely movable joints. Found at cartilaginous joints

2)Fibrocartilage ( thicker, stronger, acts as a shock absorber in cartilaginous joints

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6
Q

what considerations are there for cartilage?

A
  • cartilage is dependant on physical activity regally

- can be worn and torn by excessive activity

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7
Q

definition of ligaments:

A

they are made up of tough, white, non-elastic fibrous tissue which I strung together in a cord-like formation.

  • they can withstand a lot of tension, but prolonged tension permanently damages the ligaments
  • CONNECT BONE TO BONE
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8
Q

what are the 4 functions of ligaments in the body?

A

1) attaching/connecting bone to bone
2) Enhance joint mobility
3) guiding joint stability
4) prevents excessive/unwanted joint motion

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9
Q

definition of tendons:

A

they attach muscle to bone across the joints and transmit the force produced by the muscle

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10
Q

what are tendons formed by?

A

all the muscle fibres/connective tissue of the muscle

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11
Q

what is a major factor in the healing factor for an injury?

A

blood supply

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12
Q

do bones/muscles have good blood supply?

A

YES

-ligaments/tendons/cartilage have bad blood flow so have a long recovery time

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13
Q

what are the 6 types of synovial joint?

A

1) Gliding joint
2) Pivot joint
3) Saddle joint
4) Ball and socket
5) Ellipsoid joint
6) Hinge joint

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14
Q

eg of gliding joint and ranges of motion:

A

mid-carpal and mid-tarsal of wrist and ankle

-elevation and depression

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15
Q

eg of pivot joint, ranges of motion:

A

between atlas and axis of cervical vertebrae

-rotation

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16
Q

eg of saddle joint, ranges of motion:

A

the thumb

-adduction, abduction, flexion extension

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17
Q

eg of ball and socket joint, ranges of motion:

A

hip, shoulder

-flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, rotation

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18
Q

eg of ellipsoid joint, ranges of motion :

A

knuckles between phalangeal bones of fingers and toes

-flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction

19
Q

eg hinge joint, ranges of motion:

A

elbow, knee

-flexion, extension

20
Q

what affects the range of motion of the joint?

A

STRUCTURE OF THE JOINT

21
Q

what are the normal movement terms? there’s 5!

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • rotation
  • adduction
  • abduction
22
Q

what are the specific movement terms? there’s 14!!

A
  • horizontal flexion
  • horizontal extension
  • lateral flexion
  • circumduction
  • elevation
  • depression
  • protraction
  • retraction
  • pronation
  • supination
  • dorsiflexion
  • plantarflexion
  • inversion
  • eversion
23
Q

what is flexion?

A

angle of joint decreases (bicep curl)

24
Q

what is extension ?

A

angel of joint increases (leg extension)

25
Q

what is rotation?

A

bone rotating on its own long axis-may be internal or external. (twisting the neck to the left or right)

26
Q

what is adduction?

A

towards the midline of bod

27
Q

what is abduction`?

A

away from the midline of the body

28
Q

what is horizontal flexion?

A

arm towards the midline of the body in the horizontal plane

29
Q

what is horizontal extension?

A

arms away from the midline of the body in the horizontal plane

30
Q

what is lateral flexion?

A

bending to the side

31
Q

what is circumduction?

A

circular/cone shaped movement that occurs ta a ball or socket joint.

32
Q

what is elevation?

A

upward movement of the shoulder girdle

33
Q

what is depression?

A

downward movement of the shoulder girdle

34
Q

what is protraction?

A

forward motion of the shoulder girdle

35
Q

what is retraction?

A

backward motion of the shoulder girdle

36
Q

what is pronation?

A

palm of the hand facing downward (action occurs between radios and ulna)

37
Q

what is supination?

A

plan of the hand facing upwards (action happens between radius and ulna)

38
Q

what is dorsiflexion?

A

foot moves towards the shin (occurs only at the ankle)

39
Q

what is plantar flexion?

A

foot moves away from the shin (occurs only at the Anke?

40
Q

what is inversion?

A

sole of the foot faces the midline (turning the foot inwards)

41
Q

what is eversion?

A

sole of the foot away from the midline (turning the foot outwards)

42
Q

what are the short term effect if exercise on the joints?

A
  • synovial fluid is released into the joint, lubricating the joint and reducing wear and tear
  • warmer joints move more freely
43
Q

what are the long term effects of exercise on the joints?

A
  • stronger ligaments
  • stronger tendons
  • healthier cartilage
  • improved joint mobility and reduced stiffness

A+P (9 decks)

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