Joints of skeleton Flashcards
what are the 3 types of joint?
1) Fibrous
2) Cartinigous
3) Synovial
all freely moving joints have these characteristics: (there are 4)
- end of the bones are covered by hyaline cartilage (reduces friction in the movement and is nourished by the release of synovial fluid)
- are surrounded by a fibrous capsule (bursa) that protects /stabilises the joint.
- the capsule is lined by synovial membrane that secrets synovial fluid lubricating the joint. when the joint moves the temp of synovial fluid increases so flows more
- muscles cross over the joints and attach to bones via tendons
what do the ares of the fibrous capsule form when they thicken?
ligaments
definition of cartilage:
it is a dense, tough, fibrous connective tissue that is able to withstand compression forces. It does not have a blood supply, so has limited repair abilities.
how many types of cartilage is there and what are they ?
there are 2!!!
1) Hyaline (covers the bone to form freely movable joints. Found at cartilaginous joints
2)Fibrocartilage ( thicker, stronger, acts as a shock absorber in cartilaginous joints
what considerations are there for cartilage?
- cartilage is dependant on physical activity regally
- can be worn and torn by excessive activity
definition of ligaments:
they are made up of tough, white, non-elastic fibrous tissue which I strung together in a cord-like formation.
- they can withstand a lot of tension, but prolonged tension permanently damages the ligaments
- CONNECT BONE TO BONE
what are the 4 functions of ligaments in the body?
1) attaching/connecting bone to bone
2) Enhance joint mobility
3) guiding joint stability
4) prevents excessive/unwanted joint motion
definition of tendons:
they attach muscle to bone across the joints and transmit the force produced by the muscle
what are tendons formed by?
all the muscle fibres/connective tissue of the muscle
what is a major factor in the healing factor for an injury?
blood supply
do bones/muscles have good blood supply?
YES
-ligaments/tendons/cartilage have bad blood flow so have a long recovery time
what are the 6 types of synovial joint?
1) Gliding joint
2) Pivot joint
3) Saddle joint
4) Ball and socket
5) Ellipsoid joint
6) Hinge joint
eg of gliding joint and ranges of motion:
mid-carpal and mid-tarsal of wrist and ankle
-elevation and depression
eg of pivot joint, ranges of motion:
between atlas and axis of cervical vertebrae
-rotation
eg of saddle joint, ranges of motion:
the thumb
-adduction, abduction, flexion extension
eg of ball and socket joint, ranges of motion:
hip, shoulder
-flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, rotation
eg of ellipsoid joint, ranges of motion :
knuckles between phalangeal bones of fingers and toes
-flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction
eg hinge joint, ranges of motion:
elbow, knee
-flexion, extension
what affects the range of motion of the joint?
STRUCTURE OF THE JOINT
what are the normal movement terms? there’s 5!
- flexion
- extension
- rotation
- adduction
- abduction
what are the specific movement terms? there’s 14!!
- horizontal flexion
- horizontal extension
- lateral flexion
- circumduction
- elevation
- depression
- protraction
- retraction
- pronation
- supination
- dorsiflexion
- plantarflexion
- inversion
- eversion
what is flexion?
angle of joint decreases (bicep curl)
what is extension ?
angel of joint increases (leg extension)
what is rotation?
bone rotating on its own long axis-may be internal or external. (twisting the neck to the left or right)
what is adduction?
towards the midline of bod
what is abduction`?
away from the midline of the body
what is horizontal flexion?
arm towards the midline of the body in the horizontal plane
what is horizontal extension?
arms away from the midline of the body in the horizontal plane
what is lateral flexion?
bending to the side
what is circumduction?
circular/cone shaped movement that occurs ta a ball or socket joint.
what is elevation?
upward movement of the shoulder girdle
what is depression?
downward movement of the shoulder girdle
what is protraction?
forward motion of the shoulder girdle
what is retraction?
backward motion of the shoulder girdle
what is pronation?
palm of the hand facing downward (action occurs between radios and ulna)
what is supination?
plan of the hand facing upwards (action happens between radius and ulna)
what is dorsiflexion?
foot moves towards the shin (occurs only at the ankle)
what is plantar flexion?
foot moves away from the shin (occurs only at the Anke?
what is inversion?
sole of the foot faces the midline (turning the foot inwards)
what is eversion?
sole of the foot away from the midline (turning the foot outwards)
what are the short term effect if exercise on the joints?
- synovial fluid is released into the joint, lubricating the joint and reducing wear and tear
- warmer joints move more freely
what are the long term effects of exercise on the joints?
- stronger ligaments
- stronger tendons
- healthier cartilage
- improved joint mobility and reduced stiffness
