Life course of muscularskeletal system Flashcards
muscular skeletal system undergoes sig development changes during adolesense , what ages?
at 14-16
what percentage of body mass is muscle mass at birth
around 25%
describe what happens during puberty in regards to hormones
there is an increase in hormone production so there is an increase in muscle mass.
due to hormonal differences in boys and girls, boys tend to have higher muscle mass during adolescence
at what age can girls be stronger than boys and why?
11, because their lean body muscle mass is higher.
by adulthood….of all bodies have total muscle mass out of whole body
40%
what else to girls have more of than boys normally during and possibly after the growth spurt?
body fat
………..levels of child obesity needs a …… on exercise so less high impact exercise/intensity
increasing/higher concentration
length of mid/vigorous exercise activity per day according to ASM 2014
60mins
what ages do girls experience bone development
10-12, but growing fastest at 13-14 and ending at 18
what ages do boys experience bone development
12-14, fastest growth at 14-15 and ending at 20
what happens during a growth spurt ?
growth cartilage is vulnerable to trauma and overuse. an injury that would cause an adult to have a ligament sprain could be a potential serious growth plate injury for children/adolescents
growth plate fractures are more common in …… than …… especially at …….. and ………..
boys/girls, 14-16/11-13
about half of all plate fractures occur in lower end of the outer bone of forearm (radius) at the wrist and in the legs, true or false?
true
at what point in the body is a growth plate fracture the worst and why?
at the knee because nerve/blood vessel damage is the most frequent to this joint so will have more damaging/lasting effects
what percentage of all growth plate fractures heal with no lasting effects?
around 85%
3 things will stop growth at growth plates what are they?
1) severity of injury
2) age of child
3) area of body affected
what affect does flexibility have on the body in growth spurt
during growth spurt there is higher injury risk because soft tissue around joints already stretched as muscle growth does not keep up with bone growth
what is needed when teaching a new exercise/stretch?
aim to stretch only to point of mild tension to avoid overstretching
why are young children biometrically out of balance during growth spurts?
due to disproportionally large limbs
what considerations would be taken when training a young child?
avoid heavy, repetitive lifting, avoid high impact training, promote correct technique, warm up/cool down longer
what does the ageing process do to bone mass/
decreases it (called osteopenia/perosis) and reduces joint range of motion, thickening ligaments leading to loss of elasticity
wear and tear to cartilage leading to degenerative joints called?
osteoarthritis
name another issue the ageing process has on the body
there are less functioning fas twitch muscle fibres and more slow twitch fibres leading to loss of muscle mass
what is the loss of muscle mass called?
sarcopenia
at what age is there a gradual decline in negative effects of ageing on the body?
35-40
what is osteopenia?
bone mineral density is lower than normal. it is a precursor to osteoporosis
what is osteoporosis ?
- low bone mass/deterioration of bone tissue (bones become more porous) leading to increased bone fragility and risk of fractures
- affects both genders but more popular in females
what is bone development dependant on?
HORMONES ( female=oestrogen, ,men=testosterone)
what percentage does the body replace in bone per annum if osteoblasts are active?
around 10%
when will bone mass decrease?
if osteoclasts are higher than that of osteoblasts
is regular weight bearing exercise good for bones?
YES
what type of training is preferred to reduce effects of ageing ?
resistance as it limits stress on joints and bones
do large amounts of elderly people find I hard to stand from a seated position?
YES
name some effects of ageing
- less fast twitch fibres
- weaker/smaller fibres
- less motor neurones
- less neuromuscular transmission
- less capillaries in muscle
- more connective tissue
- sensory decline
- cognitive decline
- lower bone mass/density
- osteoporosis
- calcification of joints
- lower SV and Q
- higher blood pressure
name some effects of ageing fitness considerations
- lower muscular strength
- less musclular power
- slower movement speed
- less balance/coordination
- higher chance of fractures
- less maximal HR
- lower resting HR
- higher rate of firing
- lower shock absorption for joints
adaptations to exercise dependant upon age, gender, individual so training needs to be suited by:
- effective warm up/cool down
- lower impact exercises
- strengthen fracture sites
- promote weigh bearing activity
- balance activities
- lower resistance to accommodate reduced strength
- functional daily activities (sitting up)
describe pre/post-natal women changes
- lower joint mobility (due to relaxin)
- weaker pelvic floor muscles
- lengthened/weakened ab muscles causing postural changes (lordosis)
what is relaxin and describe some of its uses and characteristics
- is a hormone released in 1st trimester, it softens ligaments,cartilage,cervix allowing for greater range of motion around the joints
- it is important at pelvic girdle and pubis symphysis and sacroiliac joint that need to be serpent to allow birth of a baby
how long can relaxin stay in the body for ?
- 5 months depending on the mother (can vary from 3months to a year)
- in reality relaxin in the body can stay as long as the mother breast feeds
why should exercises be given to woman in the pre-natal stage?
because the uterus grows so the muscles become stressed (start to sag) leading to stress incontinence
what is stress incontinence ?
leaking of urine in the pre-natal stage of pregnancy
should vigorous exercise be avoided with the ab muscles in pregnancy even if they need to be exercised?
YES
what does The American Obstrenticians and Gynaecologists (ACOG,1994) state?
recommend woman should avoid all physical stress for 2 weeks and avoid carrying anything heavier than a baby for min 6weeks after delivery. Also advised those who delivered by Caesarian (c section) should not exercise for 12 weeks to aid healing
explain what happens at Trimester 1
- 0-3months in
- increase in weight = 1-3kg
- larger breasts and uterus
- hormonal changes begin (more relaxin released)
- morming sickness
explain what happens at Trimester 2
- 3-6months in
- increase in weight= 6-8kg
- postural changes (shoulder girdle protraction, thoracic kyphosis, tight pecs)
- possible lower back pain/shoulder pain
- abs lengthen and weaken
- change in centre of gravity
explain what happens at Trimester 3
- 6-9months in
- increase in weight =3-4kg
- VR may be reduced
- weight of baby pushes on pelvic floor
- pelvic girldle less stable
- baby presses on lower spine (increased lordotic curve)
what happens to the woman’s body post birth/what they should avoid
- avoid physical activity in 2 weeks (ACOG 1994)
- resume normal activity after 6 weeks, if c section after 12 weeks
- hormone levels still high (can be up to a year)
- weaker pelvic floor
- check for diastosis rectii (abdominal separation)
what is diastosis recti?
abdominal separation
-common in post natal woman
