Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomical Sciences Exam 2 > Structure and Function of Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Structure and Function of Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

the human nervous system consists of 2 anatomically separate but functionally interdependent divisions called the ________ and the ________

A

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the central nervous system includes the ______ and ______

A

spinal cord, brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the peripheral nervous system contains ______ elements that conduct information into the ________ and ______ elements that conduct signals from the central nervous system to _______

A

sensory, central nervous system, motor, effector cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the type of morphology that is most common for neurons is the ______

A

multipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the ______ neuron is found in olfactory systems or used for vision

A

bipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the ________ neuron is found in sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves

A

pseudounipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

all neurons have the same general functional specialization to rapidly and precisely receive
and transmit ______ from one cell to another where the _______ receive information and _____ transmit information.

A

information, dendrites, axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

each neuron of the body has a single axon that divides, extending one branch/projection into
_________ to receive sensory information while the other branch extends into ______ to transmit that information into spinal cord or brain

A

peripheral tissue, central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the presynaptic terminal of a neuron houses the _______ waiting for release

A

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the postsynaptic contacts contains the ______

A

neurotransmitter receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

presynaptic terminals are characterized by presence of numerous vesicles containing ________ and contain _______ to provide ATP

A

neurotransmitters, mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the postsynaptic contacts consisting of clustered neurotransmitter ______ and their associated proteins

A

receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neurons communicate via ______

A

synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Glutamate is the major _______ neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activation of its glutamatergic synapses makes a neuron ______ likely to fire a signal

A

excitatory, more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

GABA is the major _______ neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activation of its GABAergic synapses makes a neuron _____ likely to fire a signal

A

inhibitory, less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the 4 steps of neurotransmitter vesicle based transport include budding, diffusion or motor driven movement, ______ and _______

A

tethering, fusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

fusion of a vesicle involves recognition of _______ and _______ proteins, which interlock and force the donor and acceptor membranes together and trans-membrane receptors are thus delivered to the target membrane, and cargoes released into ______

A

v-SNARE, t-SNARE, synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

SNARE-dependent fusion of synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitter release is highly _________ dependent

A

calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

during synaptic vesicle transmission once the v-SNAREs and t-SNAREs connect, ca2+ enters and binds to ca2+ binding sites on ______ in the SNARE bundle allowing for the pores to open and neurotransmitters to be ______

A

v-SNAREs, released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

________ from clostridium botulinum and clostridium tetani bacteria cleave synaptic vesicle SNAREs

A

Neurotoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fusion of neurotransmitter vesicles is triggered when voltage-gated calcium channels in the presynaptic terminal ______, triggering rapid calcium influx.

A

open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

dendritic spines are sites of post-synaptic ______

A

input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Communication in the nervous system exploits a
property common to all cells, namely using
________ and _______ to actively distribute ions non-uniformly across the membrane resulting in a _______ existing across the membrane

A

pumps, channels, voltage potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The axon initial segment is highly enriched in
voltage-gated ______ channels that open when
membrane voltage goes ______ a threshold value

A

Na+, above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

at the axon body, graded voltage change spreads passively and ______ with distance from site of input and integration results from summation of multiple _____

A

declines, inputs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

an action potential is an all-or-none response that propagates to the end of the axon and is triggered when membrane potential reaches a _______ value.

A

critical (‘threshold’) (-55)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

If the excitatory inputs ‘win’, membrane potential rises above a _______ which triggers opening of voltage-gated _______ channels at the axon initial segment, resulting in a large influx of ______ ions which is the first step of the action potential

A

threshold value, sodium, positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Neurofilaments are a type of neuron-
specific _______ filaments

A

intermediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Neurons have large amounts of “Nissl material”, which can be detected by _______ dyes that bind acidic components due to the major “Nissl material” being ______

A

basic, RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

axon initial segment can only be identified with more specialized methods, but contains high levels of _____ and _____ channels and is more likely where action potential is _______, but initiation site may vary from neuron to neuron

A

Na+, K+, first generated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Many axonal proteins are synthesized in the neuron ______

A

cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Proteins are delivered to the axon by _______

A

axonal transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Axonal transport is an energy dependent process that supplies axons with the ______ required for their structure and function and the integrity of the axon is absolutely dependent on ______

A

proteins, axonal transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

anterograde is a type of axonal transport from _______ to _____

A

cell body, axon tip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

retrograde is a type of axonal transport from _____ to _____

A

axon tip, cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Anterograde transport is controlled by ________ proteins and retrograde transport is controlled by ______ motor proteins and both types of motor protein carry cargoes along _______ motor proteins.

A

kinesin, dynein, microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Mutations in tubulins, dynein/dynactin, kinesins and specific cargo proteins can all cause inherited motor and sensory _______ due to deficits in axonal transport which causes progression of _______, ________, ________, and ______

A

neuropathies, Diabetes, Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy, Huntington Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease

38
Q

Nissl material is far less detectable in dendrites and (especially) axons due to proteins mainly being made in the _______ and trafficked to distal locations

A

neuronal cell body

39
Q

Rabies Virus, using axonal transport machinery, is carried in saliva of infected animal enters tissue after bite, travels up nerves via _______ axonal transport, enters spinal cord and travels to ______, and the virus then disseminates to _______ sites

A

retrograde, brain, extra-CNS

40
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) target other cells initially but use similar transport routes to rabies to enter and leave the _______

A

nervous system

41
Q

glial cells are found in the _______ and _______

A

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

42
Q

the peripheral nervous system includes _______ cells that support cell bodies and _______ cells that secrete neurotropic factors and form _______ sheaths

A

satellite, schwann, myelin

43
Q

the central nervous system contains ________, ________, _______ and ________ cells

A

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal

44
Q

oligodendrocytes form ______ sheaths in the CNS

A

myelin

45
Q

astrocytes of the CNS support the CNS, help form the ________, regulate cerebral ________, secrete _______ factors and take up _____ and ________

A

blood brain barrier, blood flow, neurotropic, K+, neurotransmitters

46
Q

microglia are modified _______ cells that act as scavengers

A

immune

47
Q

ependymal cells of the CNS create ______ between compartments

A

barriers

48
Q

in the PNS, individual ______ cells myelinate a single segment of a single axon

A

Schwann

49
Q

70-75% of the dry weight of myelin sheaths is _______ and _______ which play a role in extrusion of cytoplasm which helps with myelin _______ and as well as _______ properties of adjacent membrane layers

A

lipids, proteins, compaction, adhesive

50
Q

Myelination makes action potential conduction ______. because the insulating myelin increases membrane _______, so membrane depolarization can propagate further along the axon without needing the time-consuming process of action potential generation.

A

faster, resistance

51
Q

the entire axon cannot be myelinated because there is a limit on how much _________ myelin can provide while still allowing space for enough axons, and axial resistance is not zero, so any membrane potential change will still _______ over distance within the axon

A

insulation (membrane resistance), decay

52
Q

_______ channels are clustered at gaps in the myelin (Nodes of Ranvier) to re-boost the action potential.

A

sodium

53
Q

Myelination also makes action potential propagation more ______ because the energy-dependent process of action potential generation is only needed at nodes and this is known as ______ conduction

A

efficient, saltatory

54
Q

CNS axons are myelinated by ________, which extend multiple processes and a single ________ can myelinate multiple axon segments on multiple separate axons

A

oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte

55
Q

Multiple Sclerosis is a _________ disease where patients have increase in __________ in Cerebrospinal Fluid and abnormal _______ function

A

CNS demyelinating, antibodies, T cell

56
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome is a
________ disease

A

PNS autoimmune demyelinating

57
Q

adrenoleukodystrophy is an ________ disease, caused by failure to generate ________ which are one of the key lipids that makes up the myelin sheath

A

inherited demyelination, plasmalogens

58
Q

inherited myelination diseases can cause problems with _______ myelination, _________, _________, or a combination of these

A

delayed, dysmyelination, demyelination

59
Q

Central Pontine Myelinolysis is a metabolic demyelination disease caused by _______ in the central pons, occurs after rapid correction of ________ caused by alcoholism and/or malnutrition

A

demyelination, hyponatremia

60
Q

Progressive Multifocal Encephalopathy is caused by a viral infection of ________ in patients with immunodeficiency

A

oligodendrocytes

61
Q

astrocytes function in neurovascular coupling linked to the _______, regulation of intercellular ________ in brain, metabolic cooperation with _______ and regulation of _______ blood flow

A

blood brain barrier, fluid composition, neurons, cerebral

62
Q

the blood brain barrier helps determine the composition of brain ________ by restricting ionic and fluid _______ between blood and brain and protects the brain from _________ in ionic composition that can occur after a meal or exercise where such fluctuations would disturb synaptic and axonal ______

A

interstitial fluid , movements, fluctuations, signaling

63
Q

the cells involved in blood brain barrier formation and maintenance include _______, capillary _______ cells as well as the ______ and _______

A

astrocytes, endothelial, basal lamina, tight junctions

64
Q

astrocytes provide neurons with _______ and _____

A

neurotransmitters, energy

65
Q

Astrocytes mobilize ______ to produce lactate then neurons take up the lactate and convert it to pyruvate in order to generate energy via the TCA cycle which allows glucose to be used for other metabolic pathways and/or can protect neurons from _______

A

glycogen, low glucose

66
Q

Astrocytes express _______ transporters, which take up excess ________ from the synaptic cleft and recycle it by converting it to ________

A

glutamate, glutamate, glutamine

67
Q

microglia are immune cell in the CNS that are embryonically-derived, self-renewing tissue _______

A

macrophage

68
Q

microglia are activated by physical injury and local inflammation and infection changes microglial morphology from
_______ to ______

A

ramified, amoeboid

69
Q

Microglial have both beneficial and harmful effects in disease because they aid clearance of ______ tissue, but also secrete _______ that can exacerbate inflammation

A

damaged, cytokines

70
Q

ependymal cells line the ventricles of the _______ and the ________ of the spinal cord and the ventricular system is involved in production and circulation of ________, which acts as a buffer and cushion for the brain and spinal cord

A

brain, central canal, Cerebrospinal
Fluid (CSF)

71
Q

Ependymal cells form a simple cuboidal-to-columnar epithelium between the ______ and the ________ of the CNS and they have microvilli and cilia on their apical
surface.

A

CSF, Interstitial fluid (ISF)

72
Q

The ISF-CSF barrier is distinct from, and much looser than, the ________

A

Blood Brain Barrier

73
Q

the white matter of the spinal cord are bundles of _______ axons that contain ______

A

myelinated, oligodendrocytes

74
Q

the grey matter of the spinal cord contain collections of ________ plus a large amount of _______

A

neuron cell bodies, astrocytes

75
Q

the spinal ganglion or _______ contain cell bodies of ______ neurons, whose axons project into the ______ via dorsal root

A

dorsal root ganglion, sensory, spinal cord

76
Q

the ventral root contains projections of ______ axons from spinal cord to innervate ______ and ________ cell bodies are in ventral part of spinal cord gray matter

A

motor, muscle, motor neuron

77
Q

thee peripheral nervous system includes all neuronal elements outside the _______ and _______ where neuron cell bodies are
clustered together in ______ and axons generally exist in bundles termed nerves

A

brain, spinal cord, ganglia

78
Q

_______ surround nerve cell bodies and provide trophic support to neurons in the peripheral nervous system

A

Satellite Cells

79
Q

the ______ surrounds individual nerve fibers, the _______ encloses each fascicle and consists of concentric layers of connective tissue and the _______ encloses the entire nerve

A

endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

80
Q

the perineurium of peripheral nerves are a tubular sheath, composed of specialized concentrically oriented layers of flattened ______ cells, surrounded by continuous ________ and makes up the ________ barrier

A

perineurial, basement membrane (basal lamina), blood-nerve

81
Q

the endoneurium of a peripheral nerve is made of ______

A

connective tissue

82
Q

the epineurium of a peripheral nerve is made of _________ tissue, often also containing _______ tissue, that surrounds the nerve and also fills spaces between the nerve _______

A

dense irregular connective, adipose, fascicles

83
Q

Peripheral nerves consist of neuronal axons, and cell bodies of these neurons are located in the spinal cord for _______ neurons or in ganglia near the spinal cord for _______ neurons

A

motor, sensory

84
Q

the peripheral nervous system can regenerate after _______

A

injury

85
Q

2-3 days after a nerve is injured ______ of the distal axon is triggered by impaired transport of axon survival factors past the injury site.

A

Wallerian
degeneration

86
Q

around the same time as wallerian degeneration, the _______ barrier breaks down and allows influx of ______, which cooperate with ______ cells to digest myelin

A

blood-nerve, macrophages, Schwann

87
Q

around 3 weeks after injury to a nerve _______ dedifferentiate, then proliferate and line up with remaining _________ which forms tubes called bands of _______ that guide regenerating axons

A

schwann cells, basement membrane, Bungner

88
Q

3 months after injury to a nerve regenerating axon finally reaches target and re-establishes _______

A

synaptic
connection

89
Q

In a PNS injury, myelin debris is rapidly _____ as macrophages enter and Schwann cells dedifferentiate. The damaged axon can usually regrow and reinnervate its target

A

cleared

90
Q

In a CNS injury, myelin clearance is far less efficient and damaged oligodendrocytes often ______ due to limited ______ infiltration.The uncleared myelin debris contributes to the failure to _______, although the key factor is likely the poor _______ of adult CNS neurons

A

die, macrophage, regenerate, intrinsic growth capacity

91
Q

The hippocampus, a brain region critical for ______ and ______, is readily seen by Nissl staining

A

learning, memory

92
Q

Like spinal cord, brain can be subdivided into gray matter with neuronal cell bodies plus _______ and white matter with axons, usually myelinated, plus _______

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes

Anatomical Sciences Exam 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions