Skeletal Systems, Cartilage and Bone Flashcards
bone, cartilage and blood are a specialized form of _______
connective tissue
the three types of cartilage include ______, _____ and ______ cartilage
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
_______ are cells responsible for synthesis of the cartilage-specific ECM components
Chondrocytes
________ are chondrocyte precursors capable of forming a cartilage-specific ECM, but not yet encased within the matrix
Chondroblasts
chondrocytes will have abundant _________ containing collagen and prominent _________ containing proteoglycans
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), Golgi complexes
Chondrocytes originate from _________ which can
also give rise to osteoblasts (bone), myoblasts (muscle) and adipocytes (fat)
mesenchymal stem cells
The transcription factor, ______ is required for the expression of cartilage-specific ECM (collagen type II) and the lack of _____ expression prevents the chondrogenic differentiate from mesenchymal progenitor cells
Sox9, Sox9
Ground substance of cartilage ECM contains large proteoglycan aggregates, such as ________, that interact with collagen
aggrecan
the glycosaminoglycans on the proteoglycans, ____________ and ___________, of cartilage are negatively-charged chains that bind water
chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate
the ECM of cartilage creates a ________, due to its stiffness and elasticity!
shock absorber
cartilage is ______
avascular
Nutrients and oxygen must diffuse through _______ of cartilage
ECM
Chondrocytes have a low metabolic rate and do not require high _______ concentrations in order to perform normal functions
oxygen
perichondrium is a sheath of _________ surrounding most cartilage
dense connective tissue
perichondrium contains vasculature, ________, and _______ vessels and the outer layer is ________ and the inner layer is _______
nerves, lymphatic, fibroblasts, chondroblasts
appositional growth is the differentiation of ________ cells and is the most common way that cartilage increases girth postnatally
perichondrial (chondroblast)
Interstitial growth results from ________ of preexisting chondrocytes in order to grow cartilage
mitotic division
interstitial growth can happen at the ________ for increasing long bone lengths and regeneration of ________ since it lacks a perichondrium.
epiphyseal (growth) plate, articular cartilage
_______ is the most common cartilage type
hyaline cartilage
hayline cartilage is located at the articular surfaces of ________, walls of larger respiratory passages of the ______, _______, _______, and _______, costal cartilages, and __________
movable joints, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, epiphyseal (growth) plates
hyaline cartilage is made of type ___ collagen fibers
II
hyaline cartilage can grow ______
both appositional and interstitial
articular cartilage is a form of _____ that covers the articular surfaces of _______, lacks a ________ and diffuses oxygen and nutrients from the _______
hyaline cartilage, bones, perichondrium, synovial fluid
elastic cartilage is very similar to hyaline cartilage except it contains a large network of fine ______ fibers
elastic
elastic cartilage is located in the auricle of the ______, walls of the external _______, ________ tubes and _______
ear, auditory canals, Eustachian, epiglottis
elastic cartilage is made of type ___ collagen and _____
II, elastic fibers
elastic cartilage can grow _______
both appositional and interstitial
fibrocartilage is a tissue intermediate between _______ and _______
dense connective tissue, hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage is located at the ________, attachments of certain __________, ________, and _______
intervertebral discs, ligaments, pubic symphysis, menisci
fibrocartilage is made of type ___ collagen and smaller amounts of type ____ collagen
I, II
fibrocartilage grows ______ and there is no distinct _______
interstitial, perichondrium
compact bone is found on the ______ where as cancellous bone is found _____
outside, inside
the parts of long bone include the _______ (ends), ________ (beneath growth plate) and _______ (shaft)
epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis
cancellous bone is also called ______ or _______
spongy, trabecular
spongy bone is lamellar but not ______ and the cavities of the spongy bone are continuous with the ________ of the diaphysis
Haversian, bone marrow cavity
the endosteum consists of ______ cells and _______ which can become osteoblasts during conditions that require bone repair in adults
osteoprogenitor, reticular fibers
the periosteum is formed by two layers the outer layer containing _______ and _______ that penetrate the volkmans canals and the inner layer containing ________
collagen fibers, blood vessels, osteoprogenitor cells
cortical or compact bone is a specific type of _____ bone
lamellar
osteoblasts are responsible for the ______ and
_______ of bone ECM, they are protein producing cells, cuboidal or columnar in shape and line active ______ surfaces
synthesis, mineralization, bone-forming
the ______ is the unmineralized organic bone
osteoid
Osteoblasts originate from _________ (progenitors) which can also give rise to chondrocytes (cartilage), myoblasts (muscle) and adipocytes (fat)
mesenchymal stem cells
The transcription factor, ______, is required for the expression of bone-specific ECM (collagen type I, osteocalcin and other non- collagenous proteins) in order to form osteoblasts
Runx2 (Runt-related transcription factor-2),
osteocytes are terminally differentiated ______ that become encased in the ECM
osteoblasts
osteoclasts are large, _______ cells that are responsible for bone _______ or the ________ of mineralized bone
multinucleated, resorption, degradation
Actively resorbing osteoclasts sit
within ________
Howship’s lacunae
Osteoclasts are derived from hematopoietic stem cells and share a common progenitor with the ________ lineage
monocyte/macrophage
osteoclasts have two distinct characteristics which include the _______ where actin filaments accumulate and the _______ which allows for a more acidic environment to breakdown bone
clear zone (sealing zone), ruffled boarder
Receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) and its ligand (RANK-L) induces _______ formation and activation
osteoclast
Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) stimulates early commitment to _______ lineage
osteoclast
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) produced by _______ act as a RANK-L decoy receptor.
osteoblasts
when OPG binds to RANK-L, RANK-L can no longer bind to RANK and stimulate _______
osteoclasts
Intramembranous osteogenesis is when bone tissue is formed directly in _______ of the embryo
primitive connective tissue (mesencyhme)
Endochondral osteogenesis is when bone tissue replaces a _______ during fetal development
hyaline cartilage template
endrochondral ossification starts from the development of a _______ where blood vessels branch in the opposite direction of growth and growth plates begin to form at either end if the _________
primary ossification center, epiphysis
after endrochondral ossification concludes a thin cap of cartilage from original hyaline model remains as ________ and prevents bone-to-bone contact within the joint
articular cartilage
the reserve zone contains the primitive ______
hayline cartilage
the proliferating zone contains the proliferating ________ that travel “up” the bone towards the epiphysis
chondrocytes
the hypertrophic zone is where apoptosis of ______ and ______ occurs and it synthesizes type ___ collagen
chondrocytes, calcification, X
vascular invasion zone is where _______ penetrate the transverse calcified septa and carry osteoprogenitor cells within them
blood vessels
an increase in bone diameter results from _______ growth
appositional
the enlargement of the medullary cavity with increased bone diameter results from _______ growth
appositional
stage one of fracture healing is the formation of a _______
hematoma
hematoma formation starts with pain, warmth, tenderness and instability, then the recruitment and proliferation of _______
MSC progenitor populations (periosteum)
low pO2 at the fracture site promotes MSC differentiation into _______, which will produce cartilage and _______ (blood vessel formation) will begin
chondrocytes, angiogenesis
Children have thicker and better vascularized _______ facilitating faster healing
periosteum
stage 2 of fracture healing is the ______
callus formation
Soft Callus Formation is the development of a fibrous and cartilaginous callus (collar) that surrounds the _______ then callus progressively widens and stiffens to ultimately _______ the fractured ends of the bone
fracture, immobilize
Hard Callus Formation is the initial bone formation in the callus, the ________ of cartilage starts, and ________ begins directly on bone surface
endochondral ossification, intramembranous ossification
stage 3 of fracture healing is _______
bone remodeling
bone remodeling is the conversion of ______ (woven bone) into ______ (lamellar) bone and _______ systems are reconstituted, biomechanical forces direct relative amounts of ______ deposition and more bone is deposited in areas of greater mechanical ______
immature, mature, haversian, bone, stress
________ is the uncoupling of bone formation and resorption in favor of resorption where factors include aging, post-menopausal (estrogen-deficiency), Disuse, Inflammation, Diabetes and others
osteoporosis
osteoporosis increases the RANK-L to OPG ratio causing an increase in ______ activity
osteoclast
rickets or osteomalacia is caused by inadequate ______ from defective vitamin D ______ or metabolism, defective mineralization of ______, increased osteoid ______, increased fracture risk and is treated by vitamin D supplementation
mineralization, intake, osteoid, thickness
children with rickets can be seen having _______
bowing of lower limb long bones
joints are classified by the type of tissue which includes _____, ______, and ______
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
immovable joints are _____
synarthrosis
slightly moveable joints are _________
cartilaginous
freely moveable joints are _____
synovial
fibrous joints include ______, ______, and _____
sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses
sutures are ______ joints found in the flat bones of the _____
immoveable, skull
gomphoses are ______ joints found in the sockets of articulating ______
immoveable, teeth
syndesmoses are _______ joints found in the interosseous membrane between _____ and _____
slightly moveable, radius, ulna
_______ and ______ are types of cartilaginous joints
synchondroses, symphyses
synchondroses are ______ joints that connect ______ with _______ and can be found in the ____ to _____ and _____
immoveable, bones, hyaline cartilage, ribs, sternum, epiphyseal plates
symphyses are _______ joints that connect bones with fibrocartilage and are found in the ______ and _______
slightly moveable, pubic symphysis,
intervertebral discs
synovial joints are ________, defined by the presence of a _______ contained within a fibrous capsule and commonly found throughout the body
freely moveable, fluid-filled cavity
