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Anatomical Sciences Exam 2 > Skeletal Systems, Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Skeletal Systems, Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

bone, cartilage and blood are a specialized form of _______

A

connective tissue

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2
Q

the three types of cartilage include ______, _____ and ______ cartilage

A

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

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3
Q

_______ are cells responsible for synthesis of the cartilage-specific ECM components

A

Chondrocytes

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4
Q

________ are chondrocyte precursors capable of forming a cartilage-specific ECM, but not yet encased within the matrix

A

Chondroblasts

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5
Q

chondrocytes will have abundant _________ containing collagen and prominent _________ containing proteoglycans

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), Golgi complexes

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6
Q

Chondrocytes originate from _________ which can
also give rise to osteoblasts (bone), myoblasts (muscle) and adipocytes (fat)

A

mesenchymal stem cells

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7
Q

The transcription factor, ______ is required for the expression of cartilage-specific ECM (collagen type II) and the lack of _____ expression prevents the chondrogenic differentiate from mesenchymal progenitor cells

A

Sox9, Sox9

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8
Q

Ground substance of cartilage ECM contains large proteoglycan aggregates, such as ________, that interact with collagen

A

aggrecan

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9
Q

the glycosaminoglycans on the proteoglycans, ____________ and ___________, of cartilage are negatively-charged chains that bind water

A

chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate

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10
Q

the ECM of cartilage creates a ________, due to its stiffness and elasticity!

A

shock absorber

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11
Q

cartilage is ______

A

avascular

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12
Q

Nutrients and oxygen must diffuse through _______ of cartilage

A

ECM

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13
Q

Chondrocytes have a low metabolic rate and do not require high _______ concentrations in order to perform normal functions

A

oxygen

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14
Q

perichondrium is a sheath of _________ surrounding most cartilage

A

dense connective tissue

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15
Q

perichondrium contains vasculature, ________, and _______ vessels and the outer layer is ________ and the inner layer is _______

A

nerves, lymphatic, fibroblasts, chondroblasts

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16
Q

appositional growth is the differentiation of ________ cells and is the most common way that cartilage increases girth postnatally

A

perichondrial (chondroblast)

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17
Q

Interstitial growth results from ________ of preexisting chondrocytes in order to grow cartilage

A

mitotic division

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18
Q

interstitial growth can happen at the ________ for increasing long bone lengths and regeneration of ________ since it lacks a perichondrium.

A

epiphyseal (growth) plate, articular cartilage

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19
Q

_______ is the most common cartilage type

A

hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

hayline cartilage is located at the articular surfaces of ________, walls of larger respiratory passages of the ______, _______, _______, and _______, costal cartilages, and __________

A

movable joints, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, epiphyseal (growth) plates

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21
Q

hyaline cartilage is made of type ___ collagen fibers

A

II

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22
Q

hyaline cartilage can grow ______

A

both appositional and interstitial

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23
Q

articular cartilage is a form of _____ that covers the articular surfaces of _______, lacks a ________ and diffuses oxygen and nutrients from the _______

A

hyaline cartilage, bones, perichondrium, synovial fluid

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24
Q

elastic cartilage is very similar to hyaline cartilage except it contains a large network of fine ______ fibers

A

elastic

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25
Q

elastic cartilage is located in the auricle of the ______, walls of the external _______, ________ tubes and _______

A

ear, auditory canals, Eustachian, epiglottis

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26
Q

elastic cartilage is made of type ___ collagen and _____

A

II, elastic fibers

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27
Q

elastic cartilage can grow _______

A

both appositional and interstitial

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28
Q

fibrocartilage is a tissue intermediate between _______ and _______

A

dense connective tissue, hyaline cartilage

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29
Q

fibrocartilage is located at the ________, attachments of certain __________, ________, and _______

A

intervertebral discs, ligaments, pubic symphysis, menisci

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30
Q

fibrocartilage is made of type ___ collagen and smaller amounts of type ____ collagen

A

I, II

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31
Q

fibrocartilage grows ______ and there is no distinct _______

A

interstitial, perichondrium

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32
Q

compact bone is found on the ______ where as cancellous bone is found _____

A

outside, inside

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33
Q

the parts of long bone include the _______ (ends), ________ (beneath growth plate) and _______ (shaft)

A

epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis

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34
Q

cancellous bone is also called ______ or _______

A

spongy, trabecular

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35
Q

spongy bone is lamellar but not ______ and the cavities of the spongy bone are continuous with the ________ of the diaphysis

A

Haversian, bone marrow cavity

36
Q

the endosteum consists of ______ cells and _______ which can become osteoblasts during conditions that require bone repair in adults

A

osteoprogenitor, reticular fibers

37
Q

the periosteum is formed by two layers the outer layer containing _______ and _______ that penetrate the volkmans canals and the inner layer containing ________

A

collagen fibers, blood vessels, osteoprogenitor cells

38
Q

cortical or compact bone is a specific type of _____ bone

A

lamellar

39
Q

osteoblasts are responsible for the ______ and
_______ of bone ECM, they are protein producing cells, cuboidal or columnar in shape and line active ______ surfaces

A

synthesis, mineralization, bone-forming

40
Q

the ______ is the unmineralized organic bone

A

osteoid

41
Q

Osteoblasts originate from _________ (progenitors) which can also give rise to chondrocytes (cartilage), myoblasts (muscle) and adipocytes (fat)

A

mesenchymal stem cells

42
Q

The transcription factor, ______, is required for the expression of bone-specific ECM (collagen type I, osteocalcin and other non- collagenous proteins) in order to form osteoblasts

A

Runx2 (Runt-related transcription factor-2),

43
Q

osteocytes are terminally differentiated ______ that become encased in the ECM

A

osteoblasts

44
Q

osteoclasts are large, _______ cells that are responsible for bone _______ or the ________ of mineralized bone

A

multinucleated, resorption, degradation

45
Q

Actively resorbing osteoclasts sit
within ________

A

Howship’s lacunae

46
Q

Osteoclasts are derived from hematopoietic stem cells and share a common progenitor with the ________ lineage

A

monocyte/macrophage

47
Q

osteoclasts have two distinct characteristics which include the _______ where actin filaments accumulate and the _______ which allows for a more acidic environment to breakdown bone

A

clear zone (sealing zone), ruffled boarder

48
Q

Receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) and its ligand (RANK-L) induces _______ formation and activation

A

osteoclast

49
Q

Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) stimulates early commitment to _______ lineage

A

osteoclast

50
Q

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) produced by _______ act as a RANK-L decoy receptor.

A

osteoblasts

51
Q

when OPG binds to RANK-L, RANK-L can no longer bind to RANK and stimulate _______

A

osteoclasts

52
Q

Intramembranous osteogenesis is when bone tissue is formed directly in _______ of the embryo

A

primitive connective tissue (mesencyhme)

53
Q

Endochondral osteogenesis is when bone tissue replaces a _______ during fetal development

A

hyaline cartilage template

54
Q

endrochondral ossification starts from the development of a _______ where blood vessels branch in the opposite direction of growth and growth plates begin to form at either end if the _________

A

primary ossification center, epiphysis

55
Q

after endrochondral ossification concludes a thin cap of cartilage from original hyaline model remains as ________ and prevents bone-to-bone contact within the joint

A

articular cartilage

56
Q

the reserve zone contains the primitive ______

A

hayline cartilage

57
Q

the proliferating zone contains the proliferating ________ that travel “up” the bone towards the epiphysis

A

chondrocytes

58
Q

the hypertrophic zone is where apoptosis of ______ and ______ occurs and it synthesizes type ___ collagen

A

chondrocytes, calcification, X

59
Q

vascular invasion zone is where _______ penetrate the transverse calcified septa and carry osteoprogenitor cells within them

A

blood vessels

60
Q

an increase in bone diameter results from _______ growth

A

appositional

61
Q

the enlargement of the medullary cavity with increased bone diameter results from _______ growth

A

appositional

62
Q

stage one of fracture healing is the formation of a _______

A

hematoma

63
Q

hematoma formation starts with pain, warmth, tenderness and instability, then the recruitment and proliferation of _______

A

MSC progenitor populations (periosteum)

64
Q

low pO2 at the fracture site promotes MSC differentiation into _______, which will produce cartilage and _______ (blood vessel formation) will begin

A

chondrocytes, angiogenesis

65
Q

Children have thicker and better vascularized _______ facilitating faster healing

A

periosteum

66
Q

stage 2 of fracture healing is the ______

A

callus formation

67
Q

Soft Callus Formation is the development of a fibrous and cartilaginous callus (collar) that surrounds the _______ then callus progressively widens and stiffens to ultimately _______ the fractured ends of the bone

A

fracture, immobilize

68
Q

Hard Callus Formation is the initial bone formation in the callus, the ________ of cartilage starts, and ________ begins directly on bone surface

A

endochondral ossification, intramembranous ossification

69
Q

stage 3 of fracture healing is _______

A

bone remodeling

70
Q

bone remodeling is the conversion of ______ (woven bone) into ______ (lamellar) bone and _______ systems are reconstituted, biomechanical forces direct relative amounts of ______ deposition and more bone is deposited in areas of greater mechanical ______

A

immature, mature, haversian, bone, stress

71
Q

________ is the uncoupling of bone formation and resorption in favor of resorption where factors include aging, post-menopausal (estrogen-deficiency), Disuse, Inflammation, Diabetes and others

A

osteoporosis

72
Q

osteoporosis increases the RANK-L to OPG ratio causing an increase in ______ activity

A

osteoclast

73
Q

rickets or osteomalacia is caused by inadequate ______ from defective vitamin D ______ or metabolism, defective mineralization of ______, increased osteoid ______, increased fracture risk and is treated by vitamin D supplementation

A

mineralization, intake, osteoid, thickness

74
Q

children with rickets can be seen having _______

A

bowing of lower limb long bones

75
Q

joints are classified by the type of tissue which includes _____, ______, and ______

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

76
Q

immovable joints are _____

A

synarthrosis

77
Q

slightly moveable joints are _________

A

cartilaginous

78
Q

freely moveable joints are _____

A

synovial

79
Q

fibrous joints include ______, ______, and _____

A

sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses

80
Q

sutures are ______ joints found in the flat bones of the _____

A

immoveable, skull

81
Q

gomphoses are ______ joints found in the sockets of articulating ______

A

immoveable, teeth

82
Q

syndesmoses are _______ joints found in the interosseous membrane between _____ and _____

A

slightly moveable, radius, ulna

83
Q

_______ and ______ are types of cartilaginous joints

A

synchondroses, symphyses

84
Q

synchondroses are ______ joints that connect ______ with _______ and can be found in the ____ to _____ and _____

A

immoveable, bones, hyaline cartilage, ribs, sternum, epiphyseal plates

85
Q

symphyses are _______ joints that connect bones with fibrocartilage and are found in the ______ and _______

A

slightly moveable, pubic symphysis,
intervertebral discs

86
Q

synovial joints are ________, defined by the presence of a _______ contained within a fibrous capsule and commonly found throughout the body

A

freely moveable, fluid-filled cavity

Anatomical Sciences Exam 2 (11 decks)

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