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Anatomical Sciences Exam 2 > Microstructure of Muscle > Flashcards

Microstructure of Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal muscle is responsible for the movement of the _____, _____ and ______

A

skeleton, eyes, tongue

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2
Q

muscle is classified into three types which include the _____, _____ and _______ muscle

A

cardiac, skeletal, smooth

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3
Q

the cardiac muscle is responsible for the rhythmic beating of the _______

A

heart

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4
Q

smooth muscle is responsible for the construction and dilation of the ________ and ______ and changing the shape of ________

A

blood vessels, airways, internal organs

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5
Q

skeletal muscle is considered ________ control

A

voluntary

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6
Q

smooth and cardiac muscle is considered _______ control

A

involuntary

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7
Q

most muscle cells are derived from the ________

A

mesoderm

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8
Q

Around the time of gastrulation, the developing nervous system folds into a _______

A

tube (neural tube)

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9
Q

Somites are blocks of mesoderm on either side of the neural tube that give rise to ________ and _______

A

sclerotomes, dermomyotomes

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10
Q

sclerotomes form the _______ and _______

A

vertebra, ribs

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11
Q

dermomyotomes contain the dermatome cells that form the layer of the skin called the _______ and the myotome cells (myoblasts) that form _______

A

dermis, skeletal muscles

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12
Q

myoblasts migrate and fuse to form mature skeletal muscle cells which are long, cylindrical, ______ cells

A

multinucleated

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13
Q

mature myoblasts are called _______, _______ or _______ fibers

A

myotubes, myofibers, extrafusal

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14
Q

Satellite cells are progenitor cells responsible for _______ and limited muscle cell _______

A

growth, repair

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15
Q

Skeletal muscle is rigorously organized by
sheaths of _______

A

connective tissue

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16
Q

Individual myofibers are surrounded by ________

A

endomysium

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17
Q

Groups of myofibers are bundled together into _______, surrounded by ______

A

fascicles, perimysium

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18
Q

All fascicles together are surrounded by _______ that is continuous with _______ that bind muscle to bone

A

epimysium, tendons

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19
Q

Myofibrils span the length of the cell and are composed of repeating ________

A

sarcomeres

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20
Q

Sarcomeres consist of proteins called _________, organized in an overlapping fashion

A

myofilaments

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21
Q

sarcomeres are the _______ unit of skeletal muscle

A

contractile

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22
Q

sarcomeres are composed of two main types of filaments which are ________ filaments and _______ filaments

A

myosin (thick), actin (thin)

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23
Q

the I bands of the sarcomere are the light bands that consists of the portions of _______ that do _______ overlap with myosin

A

actin filaments, not

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24
Q

in the middle of the I band is the Z disc that consists of proteins that anchor ________ in place and one sarcomere extends from Z disc to Z disc

A

thin filaments

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25
Q

the A bands are the dark bands that contain both _______

A

actin and myosin

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26
Q

myosin is considered the thicker chains of proteins with _______

A

“heads”

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27
Q

actin are considered the thin chains of proteins inserted into the ______

A

z disc

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28
Q

During contraction in skeletal muscle:
1) Myosin heads bind to actin filaments, forming ________
2) Myosin changes formation and pulls actin towards the _______ of the sarcomere, causing thick and thin filaments to slide past one another
** the I band appears ______, as more actin and myosin filaments overlap

A

“cross-bridges”, center, smaller

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29
Q

Neurons in your spinal cord have long processes called ______ that synapse with muscle fibers at the _______ and when a nerve impulse is triggered, a chemical is released that crosses the _______

A

axons, neuromuscular junction, synapse

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30
Q

synapse is the space between the end of an ______ and another _____ that allows for electrochemical communication

A

axon, cell

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31
Q

Skeletal Muscle Contraction;
1) nerve impulse triggers release of ________ at the neuromuscular junction, stimulating receptors in the sarcolemma
2) impulse spreads from sarcolemma to T tubules and _____ is released from terminal cisternae
3) Ca2+ binds _____, it changes shape causing tropomyosin to slide away, exposing the binding sites on actin filaments where ______ heads can bind
4) myosin heads pivot moving filament forward towards the center of the sarcomere, ______ binds to the myosin head which detaches it from _____ and myosin returns to its normal position
5) when nerve impulses stop, _____ is transported back into the SR, tropomyosin covers actin binding sites and filaments slide back into a relaxed state

A

acetylcholine, Ca2+, troponin, myosin, ATP, actin, Ca2+

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32
Q

the sarcoplasmic reticulum is a reservoir for _____

A

Ca2+

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33
Q

transverse tubules are the infoldings of the ______ found in between the cisterna of the ______

A

sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum

34
Q

stimulation of the transverse tubule membrane by ________ triggers a muscle contraction

A

nerve impulses

35
Q

a traid is a t-tubule surrounded by two terminal ______ of the SR on either side located at the _______ junction

A

cisternae, A-I

36
Q

During muscle relaxation, actin binding sites
are ______, and myosin _______

A

covered, can’t bind

37
Q

the tropomyosin on actin filaments _______ the binding sites in relaxed state

A

covers

38
Q

the troponin on actin filaments ______ the binding sites by knocking tropomyosin off when Ca2+ in bound due to troponin changing _______

A

uncovers, conformation

39
Q

Maintaining posture requires small, steady _______ for long periods of time

A

contractions

40
Q

Jumping requires quick, forceful ______ for short periods of time

A

contractions

41
Q

type 1 skeletal muscle fibers are ________, have a _____ rate of contraction, ______ force, use ______ respiration, have a ______ rate of fatigue and are used for ______ and _______

A

slow oxidative, slow, low, aerobic, slow, posture, distance running

42
Q

type IIa skeletal muscle fibers are ________, have a _____ rate of contraction, ______ force, use ______ or _____ respiration, have a ______ rate of fatigue and are used for ______

A

fast oxidative-glycolytic, fast, medium, aerobic, anaerobic, medium, jogging moderate distances

43
Q

type IIb skeletal muscle fibers are ________, have a _____ rate of contraction, ______ force, use _______ respiration, have a ______ rate of fatigue and are used for ______, ______, and ______

A

fast glycolytic, fast, powerful, anaerobic, fast, sprinting, jumping, powerlifting

44
Q

To move in a coordinated manner without hurting yourself, your brain needs to understand two things:
1) Where your muscles are in _____ (proprioception)
2) How much ______ is being placed on your muscles

A

space, force

45
Q

______ and _______ have sensory receptors that contribute to proprioception

A

Muscles, tendons

46
Q

Muscle spindles detect muscle ______

A

length

47
Q

Golgi tendon organs detect ______ on muscle

A

tension

48
Q

Muscle spindles are encapsulated organs located within a muscle among _______, where the fibers within the capsule are termed _______ fibers and all other muscle fibers in a muscle are called _______ fibers

A

myofibers, intrafusal, extrafusal

49
Q

Intrafusal muscle fibers have _______ that wrap around them and when the muscle is stretched, intrafusal fibers are passively stretched and enwrapped nerves are
stimulated which sends a signal to the brain of
where the _______ is in space and its
state of ______

A

nerve fibers, muscle, contraction

50
Q

Cardiomyocytes are muscle cells found
in the ________ of the heart wall

A

myocardium

51
Q

______ muscle is responsible for rhythmic contractions of the heart that pump blood through the body

A

cardiac

52
Q

Rhythmic contraction of heart muscle occurs
_______ direct stimulus from the nervous system

A

without

53
Q

contraction stimulus in the heart is initiated locally in specialized cardiac conducting cells located in the _______ where the stimulus is then transmitted through structures
called the _______

A

sinoatrial (SA) node, heart conduction system

54
Q

Purkinje fibers are specialized cells adjacent to the _______ that transmit contractile impulses to some ________ and ______ junctions between cardiomyocytes allow propagation
of the signal

A

myocardium, cardiomyocytes, gap

55
Q

cardiac muscle cells only contain ___ to ____ nuclei

A

1, 2

56
Q

cardiac muscles are similar to skeletal muscle organization where the _______ is around individual muscle cells, the _______ around fascicles and ______ around the whole heart muscle

A

endomysium, perimysium, epimysium

57
Q

cardiac muscles have the same _______ apparatus as skeletal muscle

A

contractile

58
Q

Intercalated discs are junctions between ________ that mechanically link cells and allow for _________

A

cardiac myocytes, electrochemical communication

59
Q

Intercalated discs consist of three main junctions that include ______, ________ and ________

A

desmosomes, fascia adherens, gap Junctions

60
Q

Desmosomes mechanically ______ cells and helps cells resist ______ during regular contractions, ensuring they don’t pull apart

A

link, strain

61
Q

Fascia adherens hold cells together at their ends, helps form a larger functional _______ and provides ______ point for thin filaments of the sarcomere

A

muscle fiber, insertion

62
Q

gap junctions electrochemically ______ cells
and permits _____ and ________ to pass from one cell to another, allowing many cells to contract simultaneously

A

couple, ions, small molecules

63
Q

an organization difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle is that the SR and T tubules form diads at the ______

A

Z disc

64
Q

smooth muscle is responsible for changing the shape and diameter of ______ and _____

A

internal organs, tubes

65
Q

smooth muscle is found in ______, ______ and _______ or organs such as the ______ and ______
and the walls of certain organs or vessels contain smooth muscle in different ______

A

blood vessels, airways, intestines, stomach, uterus, orientations

66
Q

in the small intestine one layer of smooth muscle oriented longitudinally and one oriented circularly, this helps ______
down the digestive tract where the circular layer ______ and ______ tube while longitudinal layer ______ and ______ tube

A

propel food, constricts, dialates, shortens, lengthens

67
Q

smooth muscle does not contain ______ or ______, has only ____ and lacks ______

A

perimysium, epimysium, one nucleus, striations

68
Q

smooth muscle has actin and myosin filaments, but they are arranged differently than skeletal muscle, and do not form
_______ arranged in repeating _____

A

myofibrils, sarcomeres

69
Q

Smooth muscles contain structures called ________, structures which, attach to the _______, serve as insertion sites for _________ (similar to Z-disc), serve as insertion site for _______ of the cytoskeleton and contain junctions such as ______ and ________

A

dense bodies, plasma membrane, actin filaments , intermediate filaments, desmosomes, gap junctions

70
Q

Smooth muscle does not have _______ so when a muscle contracts a stimulation occurs and infoldings of the ______– (caveolae) concentrate Ca2+

A

T tubules, plasma membrane

71
Q

in smooth muscle Ca2+ bind to ______ causes uncovering of binding sites on actin by displacement of ______, myosin heads bind, change conformation and cause filaments to _______ each other, this pulls on dense bodies, which then pulls the _______ and cytoskeleton, causing the whole cell to contract and twist

A

calponin, caldesmon, slide past, plasma membrane

72
Q

Depending on need, smooth muscle contraction can occur as an entire sheet of cells at once _______ or as multiple individual cells by themselves _______

A

(single-unit), (multi-unit)

73
Q

in a single unit smooth muscle contraction many cells are activated by only
_______ nerve fibers:
- Instead of a neuromuscular junction, SM has wider synapses called ______ where neurotransmitter diffuses across the
space, stimulating several cells at a time
- _________ allow propagation of signal
- Useful for hollow organs like ______

A

one or two, varicosities, Gap junctions, stomach

74
Q

in a multi-unit smooth muscle contraction muscle cells are innervated ________:
- contain fewer ______
- Useful for small, individual muscles, e.g. erector pili muscle in ______

A

individually, gap junctions, skin

75
Q

_________ is the replacement of damaged cells by mitosis to regenerate muscle

A

Hyperplasia

76
Q

_______ is the increase in size by increasing protein synthesis or adding organelles to regenerate muscle

A

Hypertrophy

77
Q

Cells that can undergo ______ are better at regeneration and repair

A

hyperplasia

78
Q

Smooth muscle cells can undergo _______

A

hyperplasia

79
Q

Skeletal muscle can only undergo _______ because myofibers cannot undergo ________ and ________ cells can fuse with damaged myofibers and assist in repair

A

hypertrophy, mitosis, satellite

80
Q

Cardiomyocytes cannot undergo _______ and there is limited evidence of a stem cell population and damaged cardiomyocytes can
undergo _______ or may be replaced fibroblasts and connective tissue

A

mitosis, hypertrophy

Anatomical Sciences Exam 2 (11 decks)

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