Development of Head, Neck and Oral Cavity

Question 1

in embryonic folding the _______
folding is when the head and tail regions bend towards each other in a ventral direction

Answer 1

craniocaudal/longitudinal

Question 2

a _______ folding is when the left and right sides of the embryo fold ventrally towards the midline, fuse and form a cylindrical embryo

Answer 2

lateral/transverse

Question 3

neurulation is the formation of the ________ by converting the _______ into the _______

Answer 3

central nervous system, neural plate, neural tube

Question 4

during neurulation the lateral edges of the neural plate fold _______ forming the midline neural _______

Answer 4

dorsally, groove

Question 5

the neural groove is converted into the neural tube by the folding edges meeting and _______ at the dorsal midline

Answer 5

fusing

Question 6

the notochord forms from mesoderm cells soon after gastrulation and signals cells of the ________ at the neural plate to start infolding, this causes the neural plate to fuse and _______ to form the neural tube

Answer 6

ectoderm, disconnect

Question 7

somites are epithelial balls of cells formed in segmental pairs along the neural tube from the ________ which eventually differentiate into the _______, muscles of the ______ and _______, and _______ of the skin

Answer 7

paraxial mesoderm, vertebrate, back, body wall, dermis

Question 8

fusion of the neural plate begins at day 22 at the ______ region or the ______ somite

Answer 8

cervical, 5th

Question 9

fusion of the neural plate proceeds ______ and _______ at the same time

Answer 9

cranially, caudally

Question 10

at day 23 of neurulation the cranial and caudal neuropores are still open to the ________

Answer 10

amniotic cavity

Question 11

the closure of the cranial neuropore happens _______ the closure of the caudal neuropore

Answer 11

before (days 25 and 28 respectively)

Question 12

spina bifida is a neural tube defect that results from the ______ neuropore failing to close

Answer 12

caudal

Question 13

anencephaly is a neural tube defect that results from the ______ neuropore failing to close which allows neural tissue to be exposed to amniotic fluid causing _______

Answer 13

cranial, necrosis

Question 14

addition of _______ into a gestational parents prenatal diet as a preventative measure to anencephaly

Answer 14

folic acid

Question 15

the endoderm will form the ________, _______, ________ gland, ________ cavity, _______ tube, ________, and ________ gland

Answer 15

trachea, pharynx, thyroid, tympanic, phyaryngotympanic, tonsils, parathyroid

Question 16

the paraxial mesoderm will form the _______ of the head, and ________, and the lateral mesoderm will form the _________ and _______ of the viscera

Answer 16

muscle, connective tissue, connective tissue, muscle

Question 17

the ectoderm will form the ________, ______ of the teeth, internal _______, lens of the _______, cranial and sensory _____ and ______, ________ arch cartilage, head ________, _________ and __________

Answer 17

pituitary, enamel, ear, eye, ganglia, nerves, pharyngeal, mesenchyme, connective tissue, retina

Question 18

a placode is a thickening of _______ that will form into one of our _______ organs

Answer 18

ectoderm, sensory

Question 19

stomodeum is the future _______

Answer 19

mouth

Question 20

the ___________ or anterior part of the skull is derived from mesenchyme that came from _______ or more specifically _______

Answer 20

viscerocranium, ectoderm, neural crest cells

Question 21

the _________ or posterior part of the skull is derived from mesenchyme that came from the ________ or more specifically _________

Answer 21

neurocranium, mesoderm, paraxial mesoderm

Question 22

the ectoderm neural crest cells of the viscerocranium the contains the _______ for our sensory organs and ganglia

Answer 22

placodes

Question 23

each placode will have its own bar of _______, its own ________ and its own ________

Answer 23

cartilage, cranial nerve, blood supply

Question 24

the 5th aortic arch is _______ meaning never forms or is just extremely tiny

Answer 24

transient

Question 25

the ________ provide the pathway for the neural crest cells to migrate which is important in palate, face and heart development

Answer 25

aortic arches

Question 26

DiGeorge syndrome or ____________ syndrome or _______ is a disease caused by the failure of neural crest cells to migrate due to a _______ chromosomal deletion

Answer 26

velocardiofacial, catch-22, 22nd

Question 27

DiGeorge syndrome can cause ______, _______ or ______ deformities

Answer 27

facial, palatal, heart

Question 28

transposition of the great arteries is caused by DiGeorge syndrome and causes _______ to not be distributed throughout the body due to the pulmonary trunk being connected to the left ventricle and the aorta being connected to the right (which is supposed to be switched)

Answer 28

oxygen

Question 29

pharyngeal arches are bars of mesenchyme derived from the _______ and ______ that form 4/5? pairs around the ________ covered by ________ externally and _______ internally

Answer 29

mesoderm, neural crest cells, pharynx, ectoderm, endoderm

Question 30

the pharyngeal arches, clefts and pouches will eventually form the ________

Answer 30

mandible

Question 31

the internal portion of the pharyngeal arches are called the pharyngeal _______ and the external portion is called the pharyngeal _______

Answer 31

pouches, cleft

Question 32

the first pharyngeal arch will form the ______ cartilage, ______ and part of the _____ where the second pharyngeal arch will form the ______

Answer 32

meckel, malleus, incus, stapes

Question 33

the first pharyngeal arch contains the ____ cranial nerve

Answer 33

V3

Question 34

the second pharyngeal arch contains the ______ cranial nerve

Answer 34

VIII

Question 35

the third pharyngeal arch contains the _____ cranial nerve

Answer 35

IX

Question 36

the fourth and fifth pharyngeal arch contains the ____ cranial nerve

Answer 36

X

Question 37

the first pharyngeal arch will form the _______

Answer 37

external auditory foramen

Question 38

at the first pharyngeal cleft the ________ forms and at the first pharyngeal pouch the ________ and the membrane between the tube will become our ______

Answer 38

external auditory meatus, auditory tube forms, eardrum

Question 39

the ______ pharyngeal arch will eventually grow and completely cover take the 3rd and 4th arches with only a _______ being left

Answer 39

second, cervical sinus

Question 40

the failure of a the 2nd, 3rd and 4th clefts not being fully closed can result in _______ anterior to the __________ muscle

Answer 40

lateral cervical cysts , sternocleidomastoid

Question 41

the 2nd pharyngeal pouch will form the ______

Answer 41

palatine tonsil

Question 42

the 3rd pharyngeal pouch will form the ______ gland and the ________ gland

Answer 42

thymus, inferior parathyroid

Question 43

the 4th pharyngeal pouch will form the ________ gland and the ________

Answer 43

superior parathyroid, ultimobranchial body

Question 44

the thyroid gland develops at the floor of the _______ from the _______

Answer 44

pharynx, foramen cecum

Question 45

the thyroid gland will descend to the _______ and wrap around it

Answer 45

trachea

Question 46

the path of the thyroid gland descending is marked by the ________ which later disappears

Answer 46

thyroglossal duct

Question 47

thyroid gland migration starts from epithelial proliferation at the base of the ______ and descends in the midline

Answer 47

tongue

Question 48

the remnants of thyroglossal duct can persist into adulthood and be found _______ as aberrant thyroid tissue but the most common place found is the base of the _______

Answer 48

along the path of descent, tongue

Question 49

in tongue development cranial nerve ______ and ______ come together and become one which makes up the anterior 2/3 of the tongue/body of the tongue

Answer 49

V, VII

Question 50

the ________ is the landmark between the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and the posterior 1/3

Answer 50

foramen cecum

Question 51

the nasal placode will become the ______ nasal prominence and the ______ nasal prominence

Answer 51

medial, lateral

Question 52

the medial nasal prominence will eventually become the __________ which will form the labial ________, premaxilla jaw ________ and the ________

Answer 52

inter-maxillary segment, philtrum, (4 insicors teeth), primary palate

Question 53

when palate and nasal cavity fusion is complete the left and right palate shelves have come together, the ______ forms and an _______ landmark is still seen

Answer 53

nasal septum, incisive foramen

Question 54

the incisive foramen is where the ______ nerve will emerge

Answer 54

nasopalatine

Question 55

a cleft lip is caused by the failure of __________ to fuse with the _________

Answer 55

maxillary process, inter-maxillary segment

Question 56

anterior cleft palate is the failure of the __________ to fuse with the __________

Answer 56

lateral palatine process, inter-maxillary segment

Question 57

posterior cleft palate is the failure of the __________ to fuse with the ________ and _______ with a cleft bifid uvula

Answer 57

lateral palatine processes, each other, nasal septum

Question 58

during a parotid gland development the ectodermal groove forms at the _______ between the maxillary and mandibular processes where the groove is then incorporated into the ______ wall and differentiates into the ________ and ________

Answer 58

sulcus, buccal, glandular acini, tubular duct

Question 59

______ is a disease that causes inflammation of the parotid gland

Answer 59

mumps

Question 60

the development of the submandibular glands starts within the ________ and ducts open adjacent to the _______

Answer 60

alveololingual groove, lingual frenulum

Question 61

the sublingual glands form as individual ______ within the ________ where ______ converge to create the gland but retain separate ducts , opening into the floor of the _______

Answer 61

buds, alveololingual groove, buds, oral cavity

Question 62

the cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon derive from the _______

Answer 62

prosencephalon

Question 63

the proencephalon gives rise to the ________ which will become the _________ and the ________ which will become the _____ and the ________

Answer 63

telencephalon, cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, eyes, sub/epi/hypo thalamus

Question 64

the epithalamus or the _______ is formed from the epithelial thickening at the _______ of the diencephalon

Answer 64

pineal gland, caudal end

Question 65

the pineal gland modulates ______ and ________ rhythms affected by _______

Answer 65

endocrine, behavioral, light/darkness

Question 66

_________ deposits can collect in the epithalamus over time

Answer 66

calcium

Question 67

the ______ is located right below the hypothalamus

Answer 67

pituitary gland

Question 68

the pituitary glad has two ______ that "sit" in a pocket called the ______

Answer 68

lobes, sella turcica

Question 69

the anterior pituitary gland lobe is referred to as the ________

Answer 69

adenohypophysis

Question 70

the posterior pituitary gland lobe is referred to as the ________

Answer 70

neurohypophysis

Question 71

the pituitary gland forms in the ______ midline above the forming ______

Answer 71

dorsal, thyroid gland

Question 72

in pituitary gland development, an _______ pocket is formed at the dorsal midline of the pharynx, the pocket then loses connection to the pharynx and creates a ball of cells that will eventually form the _____ lobe and the depression of the _______ floor will eventually form the ______ lobe

Answer 72

ectodermal, anterior, hypothalamus, posterior

Question 73

an overgrowth of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland can lead to ________ which can cause a _________ in the sella turcica

Answer 73

pharyngeal hypophysis, macroadenoma

Question 74

trans-sphenoidal approach is used to remove ________ from the pituitary gland by entering through the nose

Answer 74

adenomas

Question 75

the _______ forms the posterior wall of the sella turcica

Answer 75

dorsum sellae

Question 76

the _______ is the middle portion of the sella turcica

Answer 76

hypophyseal fossa

Question 77

the ________ is the anterior wall of the sella turcica

Answer 77

tuberculum sellae