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Anatomical Sciences Exam 2 > Enamel > Flashcards

Enamel Flashcards

1
Q

Enamel the specialized covering over teeth
developed from _______

A

epithelium

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2
Q

Cells that produce enamel, ________, are removed during tooth eruption

A

ameloblasts

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3
Q

enamel is translucent, has a light yellow to grey-white color and is very thin about _______

A

2.5 mm

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4
Q

enamel is highly mineralized with about ______ mineral, ______ water, and ______ organic material

A

96%, 3%, 1%

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5
Q

enamel is hard and brittle where ______ is a necessary base or else enamel can fracture

A

dentin

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6
Q

enamel is made of inorganic material which includes ________ or ________ and organic material which includes ______ and ______

A

crystalline calcium, carbonated phosphate (hydroxyapatite), tyrosine-rich amelogenin polypeptide (TRAP), nonamelogenin proteins

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7
Q

The basic unit of enamel is the ________ and surrounding the _____ is the ________

A

enamel rod, rod, inter-rod region

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8
Q

Enamel and rods contain long crystals of about ______ wide and _______ long

A

60 – 70 nm, >100 μm

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9
Q

Hydroxyapatite crystals run in ________ in rod and interrod

A

different directions

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10
Q

Crystals thicken as enamel matures with increasing ______ content

A

mineral

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11
Q

As enamel grows the crystals become
_______, which is based on the _______ structure

A

hexagonal, calcium phosphate

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12
Q

ions can be incorporated into the extracellular matrix of the enamel crystals and these ions include ______, _______, ______, and _______

A

fluoride, magnesium, strontium, lead

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13
Q

____ can dissolve crystals

A

acid

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14
Q

the region between the interrod region and
the rod is the _________ where more organic
material is found

A

rod sheath

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15
Q

Organic matrix remains in the _______ as enamel matures aka as enamel matures the organic material is removed and most remains only in the ________

A

rod sheath, rod sheath

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16
Q

amelogenesis is the formation of ______

A

enamel

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17
Q

the 3 major phases of amelogenesis include the ______, ______ and ______ phases

A

presecretory, secretory, maturation

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18
Q

the presecretory phase begins in _______ when cells differentiate and become protein secreting cells called ________ which undergo changes in morphology with development

A

inner enamel epithelium, ameloblasts,

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19
Q

in the secretory phase ameloblasts make and organize ______

A

enamel

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20
Q

in the maturation phase the organic material is _______ and ions are transported for ______ deposition

A

removed, mineral

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21
Q

during the secretory stage there is around _______ mineralized enamel, _____ water and _____ protein

A

29% , 5%, 66%

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22
Q

during maturation phase there is between ______ mineralized enamel, _____ water and around _____ protein

A

93-95%, 1-3%, 4%

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23
Q

Internal enamel epithelium induces the
underlying dental papilla cells to become
_______, where the ________ then form dentin that in turn induces the internal enamel epithelium (presecretory ameloblasts) to become secretory ameloblasts that form ______

A

ondotoblasts, Odontoblasts, enamel

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24
Q

the 7 stages of Ameloblast differentiation
and morphogenesis:
1. Morphogenetic stage (_______)
2. Histodifferentiation stage (________)
3. Initial secretory stage
4. Secretory stage (__________)
5. Early Maturation stage (________)
6. Late Maturation stage (_________) During 5-6 enamel water and organic content decreases
7. Protective stage (lasts until
tooth eruption when cells are
shed)

A

cuboid, columnar nuclear migration, Tome’s
process present for secretion, ruffle -
ended, smooth ended,

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25
Q

tome’s processes contribute to _____ formation

A

rod

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26
Q

During amelogenesis the outer enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum and stratum
intermedium fuse to form the _________

A

papillary layer

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27
Q

the papillary layer has _______, as the ameloblast layer is avascular, and supply nutrients to ameloblasts for _______
formation

A

blood vessels, enamel

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28
Q

as you move toward the crown of the tooth the cells will become more _______

A

differentiated

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29
Q

during the histodifferentiation phase the nuclei shift toward ________, _______ prominent and in center of cell, abundant ______ formed, junctional complexes form around cell at ________ and a ________ can be seen

A

stratum intermedium, golgi, RER, both ends, terminal web

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30
Q

during the differentiation stage the ameloblasts with secrete _______ and initially there is a ________ between ameloblasts and odontoblasts

A

enamel proteins, basal lamina (BL)

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31
Q

in tome’s processes the _______ holds cells tightly together as enamel is made

A

terminal web

32
Q

during the initial secretory stage the production of ________ begins, _________ commences and ______ are not yet formed,
just crystals

A

enamel proteins, mineralization, rods

33
Q

during the secretory stage extensive ________ is formed and it is surrounded by RER

A

golgi complex

34
Q

________ are hydrophobic heterogeneous enamel proteins found on _________, contain seven exons where alternative splicing may play a role

A

amelogenins, both X and Y
chromosomes

35
Q

amelogenins regulate growth in crystal
_______ and ______

A

thickness, width

36
Q

self-assembly of amelogenin protein into _______ has been recognized as a key factor
in controlling the oriented and elongated growth of ________ during dental enamel biomineralization..

A

nanospheres, hydroxyapatite crystals

37
Q

two amelogenins include _______ and _______

A

TRAP (tyrosine-rich amelogenin polypeptide), LRAP (leucine-rich amelogenin polypeptide)

38
Q

the nonamelogenins includes ________ which promotes mineralization, ______ which helps with crystal nucleation and growth and _______ that is not specific to enamel and its function is unclear

A

ameloblastin, enamelin, tuftelin

39
Q

ameloblastin and amelogenin are found in the same _______

A

secretory vesicles

40
Q

Initially when enamel is laid down there is
only the _______ portion of Tome’s process which leads to the formation of initial enamel without clear ______

A

proximal, rods

41
Q

the dental enamel junction is the close intermingling of _______ collagen, scaffold for ______, and _____

A

dentin, mineral, enamel

42
Q

As ameloblasts move away from dentin the _______ Tomes’ processes form and secrete _______ and the _______ Tome’s process secrete _______

A

distal, rod enamel, proximal, interrod enamel

43
Q

the two sites if enamel secretion happens by the cell junctions of tome’s processes where _______ enamel formed and the the tip of Tomes’ process where _____ enamel is formed

A

interrod, rod

44
Q

The proximal region of secretory ameloblasts where the _______ enamel forms are areas that have very highly folded _______

A

interrod, membranes

45
Q

Structureless/initial enamel forms first at the _________, then the _______ enamel is formed, tome’s process then secretes _______ enamel and each ameloblast gives rise to a rod

A

dentinoenamel junction, proximal, rod

46
Q

Secretion of enamel at the proximal site close to junctional process forms _____ into which Tomes’ processes fit.

A

pits

47
Q

the pit where the tome’s process fits is then filled in with matrix….pit enamel becomes the enamel ______ and wall enamel becomes the
_______ enamel.

A

rod, interrod

48
Q

Enamel in the outer third has a different
_______ due to changes in the morphology of Tomes’ processes and the cells begin to develop ______ borders

A

orientation, ruffled

49
Q

Initial and final enamel as well as interrod enamel is similar, produced by ______
surface of Tomes’ process, thus _____ are
sandwiched between two layers of initial
and final enamel

A

proximal, rods

50
Q

during the maturation stage, ameloblasts get _______ and ameloblasts then have two morphologies: _______ cell border: adding _______ material and a ______ ended border: removal of ______ and ______
material

A

shorter, ruffled, inorganic, smooth, water, organic

51
Q

the transition to ruffled ameloblasts occurs when _______ begins and proceeds for a
prolonged time period

A

apoptosis

52
Q

_______ of ameloblasts will die through apoptosis

A

50%

53
Q

the maturation phase starts the process of removing ______ and ______ proteins and the enamel crystals get larger

A

fluids, matrix

54
Q

During maturation ameloblasts undergo _______ which is the process of ruffled border to smooth border

A

modulation

55
Q

ruffled ameloblasts produce _______ ions, _______ the enamel fluid to prevent
reverse demineralization and maintains _____ for degrading matrix

A

bicarbonate, alkalizes, pH

56
Q

in smooth ameloblasts molecules withdrawn
from the enamel pass between ameloblasts
and through the lateral borders of the cell and the decreased ________ allow for
fluid and its contents to move between the
cells

A

tight junctions

57
Q

In the maturation phase a ________ is formed and the cells are beginning to separate from the ______

A

basement membrane, enamel

58
Q

in the “Protective” Stage the basal lamina is _______ and _______ are formed between ameloblasts

A

secreted, hemidesmosomes

59
Q

stage 1 of mineralization is the formation of _______ mineralized enamel (30%)

A

partially

60
Q

stage 2 of mineralization is the secondary increase in mineralization from ______ to ______ layer (deeper layers more mineralized)

A

surface, deeper

61
Q

the 3rd stage of mineralization is from innermost layer outward, the mineralization continues until the surface layer is seen mineralizing _______

A

more slowly

62
Q

the 4th stage of mineralization is the heavy mineralization of ______ layer

A

outer

63
Q

some organization and features of
enamel include rods run _______ to surface of dentin, they run circumferentially around long axis of tooth but rods are not formed in a ________ and the inner part of enamel the rods ______

A

perpendicular, straight line, intertwine

64
Q

the striae of retzius are _________ due to 6-11 day cycles of enamel formation by ameloblasts

A

incremental lines of growth

65
Q

the stria of Retzius ends at the surface
are referred to as _______

A

perikymata

66
Q

Enamel is laid down at about ______ per day

A

~4μm

67
Q

Hunter-Schrager Bands are optical pattern of gray and white areas, resulting from changes in ______ direction

A

rod

68
Q

Gnarled enamel is the cuspal region of the
crown where the enamel rods ______ and
become _______

A

twist, irregular

69
Q

the dentinoenamel junction is ____ shaped

A

scalloped

70
Q

Enamel tufts are abrupt changes in enamel rods at the __________, they are less _______ in this region and have a different ______ of rod to interrod enamel

A

dentinoenamel junction, mineralization, ratio

71
Q

Enamel lamellae run from the enamel surface and are filled with enamel ______ or ______

A

protein, organic debris

72
Q

Enamel Spindles are ________ processes caught between ________ formed by adjacent
ameloblasts and they are similar to tufts
but much _____

A

ondontoblast, enamel, shorter

73
Q

during aging enamel wears, erodes, discolors and has reduced _______

A

permeability

74
Q

Excess acid in oral cavity, ______ and excessive acidic drink intake (coke/pepsi
pH 2.5; coffee ~ 4.5 pH) all affect the enamel

A

bulimia

75
Q

tetracyclin usage in utero or in infants can cause _______

A

enamel discoloration

76
Q

Excess fluoride treatment can also _____
enamel

A

stain

Anatomical Sciences Exam 2 (11 decks)

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