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Strength And Conditioning > Structure And Function > Flashcards

Structure And Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is an antagonist muscle

A

The muscle that controls or works against

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2
Q

What is Concentric

A

Where the muscle shortens the force is greater than the resistance

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3
Q

What is eccentric

A

Lengthening of a muscle or force is less than resistance

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4
Q

What is isometric

A

There is no change it like some examples are posture and wall sits the force equals the resistance

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5
Q

What is isokinetic

A

The same speed and velocity the machine causes the same amount of speed and angle matter how much force you apply to it

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6
Q

What is the Endomysium

A

The connective tissue that surrounds it separates an individual muscle fiber

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7
Q

What is the fasciculus

A

The bundle that contains a group of muscle fibers up to 150

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8
Q

What is the perimysium

A

Separates the fasciculus

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9
Q

What is the EpiMysium

A

A dense protective sheath of connected tissue that in cases the entire muscle or muscle group

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10
Q

What is a tendon

A

Joins muscle to bone

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11
Q

What is the sarcolemma

A

Membrane that surrounds each muscle fiber it conducts the wave of deep polarization along the surface it also insulates muscle fibers from one another

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12
Q

What is a satellite cell

A

With in the sarcolemma that regulates growth

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13
Q

What is the sarcoplasm

A

Hey gelatin with in the spaces of a single muscle fiber it contains lipids glycogen mitochondria

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14
Q

What are the transverse T tubules

A

They are located in the sarcoplasm. They carry impulses through each fiber and serve as transport vesicles for certain substances

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15
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Stores calcium ions which is crucial for muscle contraction with in each muscle fiber they run longitudinal

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16
Q

What is a myofibril

A

Allows the skeletal muscle to contract there are thousands of these per fiber and run parallel

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17
Q

What is a myo filament

A

They are proteins that comprise a myofibril they proteins are actin and myosin

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18
Q

What is the I band

A

The part that contains only actin

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19
Q

What is the A band

A

The darker zone it contains Actin and myosin

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20
Q

What is the H zone

A

The center of the A band where only the myosin is present

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21
Q

What is M line

A

The center of the H zone and sarcomere

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22
Q

Where is actin anchored to

A

The Z line

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23
Q

Where is Myosin anchored to

A

The M line

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24
Q

What is the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle

A

The sarcomere

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25
Q

Explain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

A

The muscle cell receives an actiom potential from a motor neuron. impulse travels in word toward T tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum the electrical charge causes sarcoplasmic to release calcium ions which bind with troponin which shifts tropomyosin molecules off the actin binding sites. myosin cross bridges attached to binding sites. Actin slides over myosin contracting the muscle

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26
Q

What is the length tension relationship

A

The lake is dependent on for us because it determines our cross interaction 100 to 120% of length is optimal crossed bridge number. If more than 122 stretched out if less than 100 not maximal. not enough overlap

27
Q

Describe type one muscle fibers

A

They are slow twitch aerobic read slow oxidative they are fatigued resistant and have a large number of mitochondria oxygen is the primary they have lower force capabilities. a slower speed of shortening

28
Q

Describe the type 2 muscle fibers

A

They are fast twitch at aerobic and white they are prone to fatigue. they use blood glucose and glycogen as a fuel source they have high force capabilities and are fast

29
Q

Which muscle fiber type has the most extensive anaerobic potential

A

Type 2X or 2B

30
Q

What is the only way muscle fiber types change

A

We can lose type two fibers by age D generation

31
Q

What muscle is highly a type one fiber

A

Soleus

32
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

Muscle fibers get larger, thicker but not longer or more numbers

33
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

Creation of new muscle fibers this can be due to what fiber split it into two but increase in the number of fibers is not documented

34
Q

What are the three functions of skeletal muscle

A

Movement posture and heat production

35
Q

What are the characteristics of muscles

A

Excitability contractility extensibility and elasticity

36
Q

What is a motor unit

A

A motor nerve at the muscle fiber that it innervates each motor neuron on innervates several muscle fibers

37
Q

What is the low high average number of muscle fibers per motor unit

A

Low is 10hi is 3000 and average is 100

38
Q

How is a motor unit made up compared to fiber type

A

Each motor unit is composed of all types one or all type two there is no mixture

39
Q

What is the motor unit activation sequence

A

The action potential arrives at the nerve terminals then there is a release of the Nero transmitter acetylcholine which diffuses across to neuromuscular junction causing excitation of the sarcolemma. Once enough of acetylcholine is released the action potential goes across the sarcolemma and the fiber contracts

40
Q

What is the all or none principal

A

Either all of the fibers within a motor unit fire or none of them do similar to firing a gun

41
Q

What is the motor unit activation sequence

A

Type one then type two Athen type two X

42
Q

How do we determine the overall force generated

A

By the number of motor units recruited

43
Q

What are muscle spindles

A

A proprioceptor that is located parallel to the muscle fibers it is stimulated by an increase in muscle length the rate of change is important. It is Hibbetts stretch the muscle big stretch to protect it from extreme ranges of stretch or fast stretches and example is the Knee tap with a rubber mallet

44
Q

What are the golgi tendon organs

A

They are located near the muscle tendon junction in series there is stimulated where there is a increase in the muscle tension it inhibits development of the stretch also promotes relaxation that protects from excessive loads

45
Q

How many bones are there and an adult body and how many and infants

A

There are 206 in an adult and 270 in an infant

46
Q

What are the three types of a joint

A

Fibrous, cartiloginous or synovial

47
Q

What is a fibrous joints and give an example

A

Joined by fibrous tissue with limited or no mobility and example is the skull

48
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint give an example

A

Joined by cartilage with slight mobility and example is the vertebrae

49
Q

What is a synovial joint and give an example

A

Not directly joined permitting a variety of movements examples are the shoulder elbow hip and knee

50
Q

What is a simple joint

A

To articulation surfaces such as shoulder and hip

51
Q

What is a compound joint

A

Three or more articulation surfaces such as the wrist and ankle

52
Q

What is a complex joint

A

Two or more articulation surfaces and it articular disk or meniscus such as the knee and elbow

53
Q

What is an agonist

A

For example it is it would be the bicep muscle that work with the movement

54
Q

What bones are in the axial skeleton

A

Skull vertebral column sternum and ribs

55
Q

What bones are in the appendicular skeleton

A

Shoulder girdles arms legs and hips

56
Q

What is the cortical bone

A

It is the dense bone that is in the outer layer it is 80% of skeletal mass and for structural support.it is compact bone

57
Q

What is the trabecular bone

A

Porous material that is Latticelike like it is spongy looking and allows for Marrow and fat storage it is about 20% of skeletal mass.it’s has physiological functions

58
Q

What are the structural and physiological functions of bone

A

Structural is the physical movement and internal organ protection physiological is for red and white blood cell formation of a storage area for calcium and phosphate

59
Q

How do bones grow and remodel

A

There is a longitudinal growth at the epiphyseal or growth plate it is genetically mediated and it usually ceases after puberty. Phone is very adaptable we can remodel when needed

60
Q

What are the three types of bone cells

A

Osteoclasts are bone destroying cells.osteoblasts are bone forming cells.osteocytes are mature osteoblasts that help regulate bone remodeling

61
Q

What is a tendon

A

Attaches muscle to bone it is a very strong when tenseor on stretch it is not really elastic. Injuries to tendons are common because it ruptures or strains at the end is near the muscle

62
Q

What is a ligament

A

It connects bone to bone . it is similar to tendon and example is the ACL females are 5 to 9 times more likely to tear their ACL. Ligaments contain the protein elastin therefore they allow extensibility and the ability to return to the undeformed length

63
Q

What is the function of fascia

A

Provide intramuscular framework to find a protect muscles allow muscle forces to be transmitted securely and offers insulation between various organs and tissues of the body

Strength And Conditioning (22 decks)

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