children and adolescents-unit 4 Flashcards
what is biological age?
tanner age- where they are in physical maturation. puberty development, sex organs, genitals, hair, etc.
what is training age?
how many years have they been training?
what is the definition of a child?
less than 13 years old. between infancy and adolescence.
what is the definition of an adolescent?
13-18 years. (or tanner stage 5- when they start the physically mature).
what is the ACSM definition of children and adolescents?
6-17 years old
what are the purposes of exercise in children?
aerobic fitness, muscle strength, bone mineral density, MOTOR SKILLS (different from adults), body composition, psychosocial, decrease in injury risk and disease risk modification (stopit before the ball starts rolling).
what are the problematic trends over the past couple decades in children?
decrease in physical activity- less gym in school, increased technology, acceptance of a sedentary lifestyle, decrease in sporting activity they dont go outside to play just for the fun of it. poor diet- increased availability in bad food and cheaper. increased acceptance of a poor diet.
what are some problems with learning healthy life at school?
there is a decrease in gym class opportunities, and then there is the traditional model of gym class where it is sports oriented. this is bad because the kids that are out of shape and not good at that sport will continue to sit on the sidelines.
what are some problems with aerobic fitness in children?
limitations in measurement, children may have an acceptable fitness level without doing anything at all. aerobic systems in children are not as trainable in adults. we would need to exercise them at a really high intensity in order to reach a max level. children can have a super high VO2 by doing absolutely nothing.
how do we rank blood pressure in children?
prehypertension= 90th percentile for age and sex. 3.4% of children aged 3-18. hypertension= 95th percentile for age and sex. 3.6% of children 3-18. there is no reason for children to have hypertension.
what is the criteria for overweight and obesity in children?
overweight (at risk for obesity)=85th percentile. obese= 95th percentile . there are no absolute numbers for BMIs for children but just percentiles based on age and sex.
what percent of kids are considered overweight?obese?
16.9% considered obese. 31.8% considered overweight. these numbers have tripled since 1980
what are risks associated with obesity?
elevated total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides and blood pressure. decreased HDL and fasting insulin.
what is arteriosclerosis?
any hardening (loss of elasticity) of the arteries. it is a more general term.
what is atherosclerosis?
hardening of the arteries due to atheromatous plaque. this is very bad.
what are the skeletal health reccomendations?
weight bearing activities that involve large muscle groups at high intensity loading. “natural” childhood activities.
how can exercise help psychological well being in children?
these issues are not just limited to adults, can help with depression, anxiety, stress, SELF ESTEEM, self concept, hostility,anger, and intellectual function.
what are the pretesting procedures for children?
we need child ASSENT and parental CONSENT. the child has to agree to it too. since they are young they cannot get permission for themselves.
what is chronological age?
how old you actually are- age on the birth certificate age
what field tests do we do for children?
we can do an endurance test (1 mile, 1.5 mile. 2 mile even run or walk with distance completed in a certain time. we an also do a step test or the PACER test (most kids dont know how to pace though). we can also do progressive aerobic cardiac endurance run- real time feedback. children may need extra instructions, support and motivation.
how do we measure body composition in children?
BMI we use % ranking, skin folds (there are different sites though we do not use calf or the biceps), they can also do girth measurements, weighing, BIA, but remember there are differences with adults and kids. we need to be careful not to hurt self esteem such as using the word fat.
how do we test flexibility in children?
trunk flexion-sit and reach test. we can also do trunk extension and shoulder flexibility.
how do you test muscular strength and endurance?
body weight dependent tests are best, if using free weights you really need to watch. dont do one rep maxes. maybe high rep testing is best. but dont want them to get hurt
how do you test anaerobic capacity?
wingate cycle, max jump, sprinting-50 yd run, depends on motor skills?
what does the physical activity promotion?
just want them moving!
what does avery faigenbaum say?
if you take fun out of exercise, you take the kids out of exercise.
what are the ACSM guidelines for aerobic exercise in kids?
aerobic- daily, moderate to vigorous, >60 mins accumulated, must be enjoyable and developmentally appropriate.
what are the ACSM guidelines for resistance training in kids?
if they are doing this should mostly be body weight. they are pretty similar to adults. >3 days per week as part of 60+ minute exercise (maybe 30 mins), low resistance, high reps, focus on technique development, climbing trees, tug of war, playground equipment, consider ones that develop motor skills
why is supervision so important with resistance training in kids?
we need cueing for proper technique, their attention spans are low, children can be very competitive, children dont have high intelligence or common sense.
what bone strengthening exercises should children do?
running, jumping, basketball, tennis, hopscotch, soccer
what are some considerations with parents in exercising children?
some are overbearing and want to force their children, some are uneducated “this is how i used to do it back in my day”, some are over protective and do not want them exercising becuase it is dangerous because hear exaggerated stories.
what are some issues with body composition in children?
we can keep track of it but many things can change as a child goes thru maturation. dont focus on fat or weight loss but be mindful if they do need intervention about weight. children can be damaged by emotions so watch what you say.
what are some isses with cardio training in children?
adult RX techniques shouldnt work. use the words “physical activity” instead of exercise. dont try to focus so much on durations and intensities. accumulation is good. children like to stop and go and that is natural and okay for them
what are some issues with injuries in children?
dont usually have the same ones as adults, often issues wtih growth plates.
what are strength gains thought to be from in children?
thought to be primarily due to neuromuscular coordination, motor learning development, hormone levels??
KNOW THE GUIDELINES AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE AND NATIONAL STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING
VERY IMPORTANT
