Structure and Function Flashcards
Anatomy
the study of structure and shape of body and parts and their relationships to each other
Physiology
-study of how body parts work or function
-many subdivisions
dynamic–>requires active experimentation
Scientific Method
- hypothesis–>reasonable guess based on observations
- experimentation–>testing of hypothesis
- ->simple as possible - if results support hypothesis
- tentatively accepted as true
- put through rigorous testing
- then becomes theory/law
Anatomical Position
initial reference point
- body erect
- feet parallel
- arms at side
- palms forward
- head forward
- gives meaning to anatomical directions
Superior
toward the head or upper part
Inferior (caudal)
away from the head, lower part, below
Anterior (ventral)
toward or at the front, in front of
Posterior (dorsal)
toward or at the backside, in back of
Medial
toward or at the midline, on the inner side
Lateral
away from the midline, toward the side
proximal
closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment
Distal
farther from origin or point of attachment
Superficial
toward or at the surface, near the surface
Deep
away from surface, internal
Median (sagittal)
- cut lengthwise
- divides into L and R
- creates 2 equal parts (midsagittal)
Frontal (coronal)
- cut lengthwise
- split into anterior and posterior
Transverse
- along horizontal plane
- creates superior and inferior (upper and lower)
- aka cross section
Dorsal Body Cavity
1) Cranial
- space inside skull
- brain
2) Spinal
- from cranial to end of vertebral column
- spinal cord
Ventral Cavity
- larger than dorsal
1) Thoracic Cavity - separated by diaphragm
- Medistinum–>midportion, subdivision of Thoracic
- divided into R&L pleural cavities
2) Abdominopelvic Cavity
- no physical partition
- divided into 4 quadrants
- actually has 9 regions
Abdominopelvic Regions
1) Upper Abdominpelvic (above 9th rib)
- R hypochondriac, Epigastric, L hypochondriac
2) Middle (b/w 9th rib and hips)
- R lumbar, umbilical, L lumbar
3) Lower (below hips)
- R illiac (inguinal), hypogastric, L illiac (inguinal)
Body Regions
- body as a whole is divided into 2 major portions
- each major area divided
1) Axial
- head, neck, torso, trunk
2) Appendicular
- upper and lower extremities
Atrophy
- degenerative process from disuse
- can usually be reversed with therapy
Antebrachial
forearm
Antecubital
in front of elbow, depressed area
Axillary
armpit
brachial
arm
Buccal
cheek
Carpal
wrist
Cephalic
Head
Cervical
Neck
Cranial
Skull
Crural
Leg
Cubital
Elbow
Cutaneous
Skin
Digital
fingers, toes
Dorsal
Back
Facial
Face
- frontal –>forehead
- oral–>mouth
- zygomatic–>cheek
- Nasal–>nose
- orbital/opthalmic –>eyes
Femoral
Thigh
Gluteal
Buttock
Linguinal
Groin
Lumbar
Lower Back
Mammary
Breast
Occipital
Back of lower skull
Olecranal
Back of elbow
Palmar
Palm of hand
Pedal
Foot
Pelvic
Lower portion of torso
Perineal
Between anus and genitals
Plantar
Sole of foot
Popliteal
Behind knee
Supraclavicular
Above clavicle
Tarsal
Ankle
Thoracic
Chest
Umbilical
Around naval
Volar
Palm or sole
Homeostasis
- body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions
- ever-changing state of equilibrium
- occurs when everything working properly
- ability related to age
- fluctuate near a normal
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
- feedback loop is the basic control system
1) Receptor (sensor) - responds to stimuli
- info along afferent pathway (towards control)
2) Control
- determines level at which variable maintained
- analyzes info and determines action
3) Effector
- sends response along efferent pathway (leaves control)
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
- most homeostatic controls negative
- net effort to shut off or reduce original stimulus
- reverse changes back to normal to stabilize
- ex. hypothalamus, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, blood levels
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
- rare
- increase original disturbance, pushing further from original
- typically control infrequent events
- ex. blood clots, birth of baby
