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Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

Hormones

A
  • chemicals secreted by endocrine glands
  • diffuse directly into blood, carried through body
  • main regulators of metabolism, growth and development, reprod.
  • role in maintaining homeostasis
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1
Q

Definitions

A

exocrine
-secrete into ducts, that empty into surface

endocrine
-ductless, secrete into intercellular space

target cell
-cell with specific receptor for a hormone

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2
Q

Nonsteroid Hormones

A
  • whole proteins, shorter chains of AA, or single AA
  • trigger 2nd messengers when bind to receptors
    • ex. cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
  • provide communication b/w endocrine glands and target organs
  • another molecule is 2nd messenger
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3
Q

Steroid Hormones

A
  • small, lipid-soluble
  • can pass directly through plasma membrane of target cell
  • bind to receptors w/in target nucleus and influence cell activity by acting on DNA
  • response slow compared to nonsteroid hormones
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4
Q

Regulation of Secretion

A

-controlled by homeostatic feedback

Negative Feedback

  • reverses change
  • ex. elevated sugar stim. release of insulin which causes level to drop back to normal

Positive Feedback

  • amplify changes/push further from normal
  • uncommon
  • ex. during labour
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5
Q

Prostaglandins (PG)

A
  • aka tissue hormones
  • role in communication and body function control
    • R, BP, gastro secretions, inflammation, reprod.
  • produced in a tissue, then diffuses to act on cell w/in tissue
    • influences activities of neighbouring cells
  • regulate cells by influencing production of cAMP
  • immediate, short-term

3 classes

  • Prostaglandin A (PGA)
  • Prostaglandin E (PGE)
  • Prostaglandin F (PGF)
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6
Q

Adenohypophysis (aka ant. pit.)

A
  • structure of endocrine glands
  • tropic hormones (stim. another endocrine gland)
  • TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, PRL
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7
Q

TSH

A
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • stimulates thyroid hormone
  • tropic
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8
Q

ACTH

A
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
  • tropic
  • stimulates adrenal cortex hormones
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9
Q

FSH

A
  • follicle-stimulating hormone
  • Female
    • development of ovarian follicles
    • secretion of estrogens
  • Male
    • stimulates seminiferous tubules to grow/prod. sperm
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10
Q

LH

A
  • luteinizing hormone
  • tropic
  • Female
    • stimulates maturation of ovarian follicle and ovum
    • stimulates secretion of estrogen, triggers ovulation
    • stimulates development of corpus luteum
  • Male
    • stimulates interstitial cells of testes to secrete testosterone
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11
Q

GH

A
  • growth hormone
  • stimulates growth in all organs
  • increase in blood glucose
  • hypoglycemia
    • too much insulin (low glucose)
  • hyperglycemia
    • too much GH (high glucose)
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12
Q

PRL

A
  • prolactin

- stimulates breast development and milk secretion in pregnancy

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13
Q

Neurohypophysis (aka post. pit.)

A
  • releases, not produces hormones

- ADH, OT

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14
Q

ADH

A
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • stimulates retention of water by kidneys
  • acts to decrease urine volume
  • hyposecretion =diabetes insipidus
    • large volumes of urine formed
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15
Q

OT

A
  • oxytocin
  • stimulates uterine contraction at end of pregnancy
  • stimulates release of milk into breast ducts
16
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • actual production of ADH and OT
  • release controlled by nervous system
  • travel directly through specialized blood capillary system to ant. pit. where hormones released/inhibited
  • releasing H (RHs) stimulate ant. pit. to release H
  • inhibiting H (IHs) inhibit ant. pit.’s secretion
  • controls temp., appetite, thirst
17
Q

Thyroid Gland

A
  • lies in neck below larynx
  • stores large amounts of thyroid hormones, released when needed
  • hypercalcemia-harmful excess of Ca in blood
  • hyperthyroidism-oversecretion of thyroid hormones
  • hypothyroidism-under-secretion of thyroid hormones

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
-stimulate metabolism

Calcitonin (CT)

  • inhibits breakdown of bone
  • causes decrease in blood Ca concentration
18
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A
  • usually 4, back of thyroid glan
  • cells sensitive to changing blood Ca levels
    • too much brain and heart cease
    • too little nerve cells overactive

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

  • stimulate breakdown of bone
  • increase in blood Ca concentration
19
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
  • curve over top of each kidney

- each actually 2 separate endocrine glands

20
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A
  • outer part of adrenal gland
  • 3 zones
  • hormones secreted are corticoids
  • Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, Sex Hormones
21
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A
  • inner part of adrenal gland
  • produce flight or fight
  • epi and norepi (not essential for maintaining life)
22
Q

Mineralocorticoids (MCs)

A

-regulate electrolyte and fluid homeostasis

Aldosterone

  • increase Na and decreased K in blood
  • influences kidney tubules
  • speeds up kidney reabsorption of water

Sex Hormones

  • stimulate sex drive in female, negligible effect in male
  • Androgens, male hormone in both
23
Q

Glucocorticoids (GCs)

A
  • secreted by middle zone
  • stimulate gluconeogenesis, increases blood glucose concentration
  • anti-inflammatory, anti-immunity, anti-allergy effects
  • promote breakdown of tissue proteins
  • maintain normal BP
  • produce stress
  • cortisol is chief (aka hydrocortisone)
24
Q

Pancreatic Islets

A
  • aka Islets of Langerhans
  • too small to see with microscope

Glucagon

  • secreted by Alpha (A) cells
  • stimulates liver glycogenolysis
    • increase in blood glucose concentration

Insulin

  • secreted by Beta (B) cells
  • promotes glucose entry into cells
    • decrease in blood concentration
  • normal is 70-110mg/100mL of blood
  • Type I DM
    • too little insulin
    • increased blood glucose
  • Type II DM
    • decreased insulin
    • prevents normal insulin effects
25
Q

Ovary

A

Estrogens
-development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics

Progesterone

  • promotes conditions required for pregnancy
  • secreted by corpus luteum
26
Q

Testis

A
  • produce sperm and semen
  • Testosterone
    • secreted directly into blood
    • promotes development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics
27
Q

Thymus

A
  • located in medistinum
  • has cortex and medulla
  • composed of lymphocytes
  • secretes thymosin
    • actually a group of hormones
    • development of immune system cells
28
Q

Placenta

A
  • temporary endocrine gland
  • produces chorionic gonadotropins, estrogens, progesterone
    • conditions required during pregnancy
29
Q

Pineal Gland

A
  • small gland near roof of 3rd ventricle of brain
  • secretes melatonin
    • inhibits tropic hormones regulating ovaries
    • regulates body’s internal clock

Anatomy (17 decks)

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