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Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

Organs and Divisions

A

1) Central Nervous System
- brain and spinal cord

2) Peripheral Nervous System
- nerves of body
a) autonomic NS-involuntary
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
b) somatic NS-voluntary

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1
Q

Overview

A
  • transmits info rapidly by nerve impulses
  • homeostasis possible only if physiological control and integration systems function properly
  • by 2 processes
    • conduction of nerve impulses
      - exchange of ions b/w interior and exterior of neuron
    • passing of nerve impulse across synapse
      - synapse req. production, release, deactivation of neurotransmitters
      - function by stimulating receptors in neuron
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2
Q

Neurons

A
  • nerve cells
  • conduct impulses
  • 3 parts-cell body, dendrites, axon
  • classified by direction impulse transmitted
    • sensory (afferent) -impulse TO brain/spinal cord from body
    • Motor (efferent) -impulse FROM brain/spinal cord to body
      - only to muscle and glandular epithelial
  • interneurons
    • impulse from sensory to motor neurons
    • connect to form complex, central networks
    • aka central or connecting neurons
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3
Q

Dendrites

A
  • branching projection

- transmit impulse TO cell body

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4
Q

Axon

A
  • one, elongated projection
  • transmits impulse FROM cell body
  • surrounded by myelin (fatty, formed by Schwann cells)
  • Nodes of Ranvier-indentations b/w Schwann cells
  • Neurilemma-outer cell membrane, for regeneration
  • brain and spinal cord axons have no neurilemma
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5
Q

Glia

A
  • aka neuroglia
  • don’t transmit impulses
  • supporting cells
  • hold together and protect neurons

1) Astrocytes
- large, like stars
- form blood-brain barrier (BBB)

2) Microglia
- help clean up cell damage by eating microbes

3) Oligodendrocytes
- hold nerve fibers together
- produce myelin sheaths in brain and spinal cord (CNS)

4) Schwann Cells
- form myelin sheaths in PNS

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6
Q

Nerves and Tracts

A

Nerve

  • group of peripheral nerve fibers bundled together
  • have myelin sheath (gives white appearance)

Tracts

  • bundles of axons in CNS
  • myelinated (white matter), unmyelinated (grey matter)
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7
Q

Nerves and Tracts Terms

A

Endoneurium

  • fibrous connective tissue wrapping each axon
  • groups are fascicles

Perineurium
-thin fibrous tissue around each fascicle

Epineurium
-tough, fibrous sheath covering whole nerve

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8
Q

Reflex Arcs

A
  • nerve impulses aka action potentials, travel along neural pathways
  • basic type of neuron pathway, allowing impulse in one direction
  • 2 neuron arc (sensory and motor neurons)
  • 3 neuron arc (sensory, interneuron, and motor neurons)
  • reflex is response to impulse conduction over reflex (2 neuron) arc
  • withdrawal reflex over 3 neuron arc, pull away from stim.
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9
Q

Components of Reflex Arc

A

1) Receptor
- beg. of dendrites of sensory
- impulse starts

2) Synapse
- space between neurons

3) Effector
- organ putting nerve signal into effect

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10
Q

Nerve Impulses

A
  • self-propagating wave of electrical disturbance that travels along surface of neuron membrane
  • initiated by stim. (temp., pressure, chemical change)
  • Resting membrane is polarized (+outside, -inside)
  • temporarily depolarized
  • quickly repolarized
  • moves along surface (action potential)
  • saltatory conduction
    • jumps gaps in myelin sheath
    • faster than nonmyelinated
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11
Q

Synapse

A
  • presynaptic neuron
    • first neuron (transmits from)
  • postsynaptic neuron
    - second neuron (transmits to)

Structures:

1) Synaptic Knob
2) Synaptic Cleft
3) Plasma Membrane of Postsynaptic Neuron

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12
Q

Synaptic knob

A
  • tiny bulge at end of terminal branch of presynaptic neuron’s axon
  • each vesicle has neurotransmitter
    • released when impulse reaches
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13
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A
  • space between knob and plasma membrane of postsynaptic neuron
  • narrow
  • receives neurotransmitter
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14
Q

Plasma Membrane of Postsynaptic Neuron

A
  • has protein molecules (receptors for neurotransmitter)

- binding initiates impulse to continue

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15
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • assist, stim. or inhibit postsynaptic neurons
  • released by synaptic knob, received by synaptic cleft, bind to protein receptors
  • acetylcholine
    • spinal cord and neuromuscular junctions
  • catecholamines
    • norepi, epi, serotonin
    • sleep, motor function, mood, pleasure
  • endorphins, enkephalins
    • spinal cord and brain
    • natural pain killers
16
Q

Brainstem

A

Medulla oblongata

  • enlarged, upward extension of spinal cord
  • inside cranial cavity, white and grey matter
  • two-way conduction
  • cardiac, resp., vasomotor control

Pons

  • white and bits of grey matter, mostly fiber tracts
  • two-way conduction
  • control of resp.

Midbrain

  • consists of white and bits of grey matter
  • two-way conduction
  • visual and auditory impulses
17
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • under occipital lobe
  • thin outer layer (grey matter)
    • large surface area of nervous connections
  • interior mostly white matter tracts
    • branch in tree-like pattern
  • produce smooth, coordinated movement, maintain equilibrium, sustain normal posture
18
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • small
  • located between midbrain and cerebrum
  • hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal body
19
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • posterior pituitary and 3rd ventricle are extensions
  • control over internal organs
  • regulation of water balance, sleep cycles, appetite, temp., pleasure, fear, anger, arousal, pain
20
Q

Thalamus

A
  • dumbbell-shaped section of grey matter
  • associate sensations with emotions
  • arousal/alerting mechanisms
21
Q

Pineal Body

A
  • posterior to thalamus

- adjust melatonin, keep internal clock on time

22
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • largest and uppermost part of brain
  • many ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci) (fissure)
  • longitudinal fissure divides into R&L hemispheres
    - connected by corpus collosum
  • each hemisphere divided into 4 lobes
  • cerebral cortex
    • thin layer of grey matter
    • forms surface of cerebrum
  • basal nuclei
    • islands of grey matter, within white matter
    • produce automatic movements and postures
  • sensory perception, emotions, willed movements, consciousness, memory
23
Q

Brain Hemispheres

A

1) Parietal
- primary somatic, sensory area
- voluntary, conscious
- recognize pain, cold, touch, NOT special senses

2) Occipital
- visual

3) Temporal
- auditory and olfactory

4) Frontal
- primary motor area
- consciously move skeletal muscles

24
Q

Spinal Cord-Structure

A
  • enclosed within vertebral column
  • continuation of brain stem that allows communication to/from brain
  • 17 inches long, width of thumb
  • grey matter and mostly dendrites and cell bodies
  • spinal tracts provide two-way conduction path
25
Q

Spinal Cord-Function

A
  • centers for 1000s of reflex arcs
  • switches/transfers incoming sensory impulses to outgoing motor impulses
  • carry impulse to(sensory)/from (motor) brain
26
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • 12 pairs, attached to undersurface of brain
  • extend from brain stem
  • conduct impulses between brain and head/neck, thoracic and ab. cavities

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I Olfactory-sense of smell (nose to brain)
II Optic-vision (eye to brain)
III Oculomotor-eye movement (brain to eye muscles)
IV Trochlear-eye movement (brain to ext. eye muscles)
V Trigeminal-sensation in face, and chewing (skin/teeth to brain)
VI Aducens-eye movement (brain to ext. eye muscles)
VII Facial-taste, facial exp. (tongue to brain, brain to face)
VIII Vestibulcochlear-hearing, balance (ear to brain)
IX Glossopharyngeal-throat, taste, swallowing (throat to brain)
X Vagus-voice, heartbeat, peristalsis, swallowing
XI Accessory-shoulder and head movement (brain to shoulder/neck)
XII Hypoglossal-tongue movement (brain to tongue muscles)

27
Q

Spinal Nerves

A
  • 31 pairs, attached to spinal cord
    • 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacrospinal, 1 coccygeal
  • Id’d by letter and number (ex. C1)
  • branch to form peripheral nerves of trunk and limbs
  • conduct impulses b/w spinal cord and body parts not supplied by cranial nerves
  • make possible sensations and movements
  • dermatones
    • skin surface areas supplied by single spinal nerve
28
Q

Autonomic NS

A
  • autonomic neurons
    • motor neurons of ANS
  • ganglia
    • peripheral “junction boxes” where axons of autonomic neurons terminate
  • preganglionic neurons
    • impulses b/w spinal cord and a ganglion
  • postganglionic neurons
    • impulses from ganglion to cardiac, smooth muscle or glandular epithelial tissue
  • autonomic/visceral effectors
    • tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses
29
Q

Sympathetic NS-Structure

A

Sympathetic Preganglionic axons synapse with postganglionic neurons

  • frequently in widespread neurons
  • leaves spinal cord, enters spinal nerve, leaves
  • then through sympathetic ganglion
  • terminate in collateral ganglion
  • synapses with several postganglionic neurons terminating in visceral effectors

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

  • look like 2 chains of beads
  • travel in spinal nerves to blood vessels, sweat glands, arrector pili, hair muscles
30
Q

Sympathetic NS-Function

A
  • emergency system, when we cope with stress of any kind
  • fight or flight response
  • rapidly produce widespread changes
  • increased heart rate, constricts and dilates blood vessels, decreased peristalsis, pupil dilates, goose bumps, increased epi, sweat
31
Q

Parasympathetic NS-Structure

A
  • dendrites in grey matter of brainstem
  • axons terminate in parasympathetic ganglia in head and thoracic/ab cavities
  • response by only one organ-each parasymp preganglionic neuron synapses only with post ganglionic neurons to a single effector
32
Q

Parasympathetic NS-Function

A
  • control many visceral effectors under normal conditions

- counterbalance sympathetic function and returns to normal

Anatomy (17 decks)

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