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Anatomy > Cardiorespiratory System > Flashcards

Cardiorespiratory System Flashcards

0
Q

Chambers of Heart

A

4 cavities (2 atria and 2 ventricles)

Atria

  • two upper, receiving chambers
  • smaller, thinner, less muscular than ventricles
  • where blood enters heart

Ventricles

  • two lower, discharging chambers
  • blood into arteries from here
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1
Q

Location, Size, Position of Heart

A
  • b/w lungs in lower portion of mediastinum
  • 2/3 of mass to left, 1/3 to right
  • apex lies on the diaphragm, pointing to the left
  • in the thoracic cavity b/w sternum in front and thoracic vertebrae behind
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2
Q

Myocardium

A
  • cardiac muscle tissue

- makes up wall of each heart chamber

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3
Q

Endocardium

A
  • thin layers of smooth muscle tissue
  • lines each chamber
  • endocarditis
    • inflammation of endocardium
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4
Q

Pericardium

A

-covering sac; 2 layers of fibrous tissue

1) Visceral pericardium
- aka epicardium
- inner layer
- covers heart like apple skin

2) Parietal pericardium
- outer layer
- fits around heart like loose-fitting skin

-lubricated space b/w layers prevents frictions

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5
Q

Heart Action

A
  • systole (contraction of heart)
  • diastole (relaxation of heart)
  • atria contract 1st (atrial systole) forcing blood into ventricles
  • then ventricles contract (ventricular systole) and force blood out of heart
  • directed and controlled by valves
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6
Q

Heart Valves

A

Atrioventricular (AV)

  • L is bicuspid/mitral valve
    • b/w L atrium and ventricle
  • R is tricuspid
    • b/w R atrium and ventricle
  • prevent backflow of blood into atria
  • chordae tendinae attach AV to walls

Semilunar (SL)

  • between ventricular chambers and large arteries
  • open and close at same time as each other
  • Pulmonary SL at beginning of pulmonary artery
  • aortic SL at beginning of aorta
  • prevent backflow
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7
Q

Heart Sounds

A

-two distinct sounds in every heart beat (lub-dub)

Lub

  • 1st sound
  • caused by vibration and closure of AV valves during contraction of ventricles

Dub

  • 2nd sound
  • caused by closure of SL valves during relaxation of ventricles
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8
Q

Blood Flow Through Heart

A
  • 2 separate pumps
    • R is pulmonary
    • L is systemic

1) Blood enters R atrium through sup. and inf. vena cavae
2) Atrial systole (R atrium) and pumped through R AV
3) Ventricular systole (R vent.) pumped through SL to pulmonary artery
4) Blood to lungs, fills with oxygen, leaves CO2
5) O2 rich blood to L atrium by 4 pulmonary veins
6) atrial systole (L atrium) past L AV into L vent.
7) Ventricular systole (L vent.) past aortic SL into Aorta
8) Aorta distributes blood to body as a whole

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9
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A
  • each complete heartbeat
  • includes systole and diastole
  • about 0.8 seconds
  • stroke volume
    • volume of blood ejected from vent. each beat
  • cardiac output
    • volume of blood pumped by one vent./min.
    • about 5L in normal, resting adult
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10
Q

Conduction System

A
  • intercalated disks
    • electrical connectors that join all cardiac muscle fibers in a region
    • so that all receive impulse and contract together
  • Sinoatrial (SA) node
    • pacemaker
    • causes atrial contractions
  • Atrioventricular (AV) node
    • triggered by relay impulse (like synapse)
  • AV Bundle/Bundle of His and Purkinje Fibers
    • receive impulse and stimulate ventricular systole
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11
Q

Electrocardiogram

A
  • graphic record of heart’s electrical activity
  • normal ECG has 3 characteristic waves
    1) P wave-small, AV node and atrial walls depolarize
    2) QRS complex-large, as atria repolarize and vent. walls depolarize
    3) T wave-small, as vent. walls repolarize
  • depolarization-electrical activity triggering contraction
  • repolarization-electrical activity triggering relaxation
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12
Q

Arteries

A
  • distribution vessels
    • blood from heart to capillaries in all body parts
  • subdivide and become smaller and become tiny arterioles
  • arterioles help maintain arterial BP
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13
Q

Veins

A
  • blood drained from capillaries into venules
  • venules increase in size and become veins
  • carry blood towards heart, away from capillaries
  • serve as blood reservoirs (can hold large volume)
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14
Q

Capillaries

A
  • microscopic exchange vessels
  • exchange of nutrients and resp. gases b/w blood and tissue fluid
  • receive blood from arterioles, deliver to venules
  • very thin, one layer of epithelial cells
  • only 1 layer-tunica intima
  • precapillary sphincter
    • smooth muscle cells
    • guard capillary entrances
    • determine amount of blood into each capillary
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15
Q

Artery and Vein Structure

A

3 layers

1) Tunica Externa
- connective tissue fibers
- outermost layer
- reinforce wall of vessel so doesn’t burst
- thickest layer in veins

2) Tunica Media
- smooth muscle tissue
- middle layer
- thicker in arteries than veins
- in arteries it is the thickest layer, maintains BP and blood distribution

3) Tunica Intima
- inner layer
- lines arteries and veins
- single layer of squamous epithelial cells and becomes endothelium

16
Q

Circulation

A

Systemic

  • from L vent. through blood vessels to body, back to R atrium
  • oxygenated blood through body

Pulmonary

  • venous blood to R atrium to R vent. to pul. art. to lungs to pul. veins to L atrium
  • exchange of gases between blood and air in lungs
  • blood from crimson (blue) to scarlet (red) in colour

Hepatic Portal

  • spleen, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder-int.
  • funneled to liver, then reenters regular return

Fetal
-fetus gets O2/nutrients from maternal blood not own lungs

17
Q

Blood Pressure

A
  • pressure or ‘push’ of blood as it flows through system
  • exists in all vessels
    • highest in arteries
    • lowest in veins
  • when BP gradient present, blood circulates and vice versa
  • hypertension can cause rupture of blood vessels
  • if arterial pressure too low, blood doesn’t flow (perfuse)
18
Q

Factors Influencing BP

A

blood volume

  • increased volume=increased BP
  • diameter of arterioles determines how much blood can drain

strength of contractions
-increase strength=increased BP

heart rate

  • increased rate=decreased BP (usually)
  • not as much time to refill

blood viscosity
-increased viscosity=increased BP (thickness)

resistance to blood flow

  • increased tension=increased BP
  • peripheral resistance
  • vasomotor mechanism
19
Q

Venous Blood Flow

A
  • central venous pressure
    • venous BP within atrium
    • influences pressure of large peripheral veins

Mechanisms

  • continued beating of heart
  • adequate BP in arteries
  • SL valves in veins
  • contraction of skeletal muscles
  • changing pressure in chest during breathing
20
Q

Pulse

A

-alternate expansion and recoil of blood vessel wall

Pulse Points

  • temporal artery
  • facial
  • carotid
  • brachial
  • radial
  • femoral
  • popliteal
  • posterior tibial
  • dorsalis pedis

Anatomy (17 decks)

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