Blood

Question 0

Amount

Answer 0

• big person more than small
• men more than women
• 4-6L in total (7-9% of body weight)

Question 1

Function

Answer 1

• primary transportation fluid
  
  • pickup and drop off services of oxygen, nutrients
• protection against foreign invaders

Question 2

Plasma

Answer 2

• liquid part of blood
  
  • water with substances dissolved in it
  • nutrients, oxygen, salts, wastes, hormones
• plasma proteins most abundant solute
  
  • albumins thicken and maintain blood volume
  • globulins–>antibodies to protect against infection
  • fibrinogen and prothrombin–>necessary for clotting
• serum
  
  • plasma minus clotting factors
  • allow blood to clot at bottom, liquid on top is serum
• makes up 55% of whole blood
  
  • 7% proteins, 91% water, 2% other solutes

Question 3

Formed Elements

Answer 3

• body must continually reproduce
  
  • ex. few million RBCs every second
  • RBC 4 months, granulocytes few days, agranulocytes 6 months
• myeloid tissue and lymphatic tissue make blood cells
  
  • hematopoiesis (formation of new blood cells)
  • myeloid aka red bone marrow, forms all but leukocytes (by lymph)

Question 4

RBCs (Erythrocytes)

Answer 4

• cell ‘caved in’ on both sides, no nucleus
• large SA for exchange of O2 and CO2 b/w blood and cells
• help transport CO2
  
  • must be carried away from cells to lungs for disposal
• transport O2 from lungs to other cells
  
  • hemoglobin unites w/ O2 to for oxyhemoglobin
  • efficient transport of large numbers of O2
  • cabaminohemoglobin
    
    • hemoglobin can carry small amount of CO2

Question 5

WBCs (Leukocytes)

Answer 5

• categorized as granulocytes (presence of granules) or agranulocytes (absence of granules)
• protect against cancer cell and microorganisms invading body
• total WBC count
  
  • total number of WBCs per mm3 of whole blood
  • 5000-9000
• differential WBC count give proportion of each type

Question 6

Granulocytes

Answer 6

Neutrophils

• most numerous phagocytes
• protect from invading microorganisms by digesting them

Eosinophils

• weak phagocytes
• protect against infection by parasitic worms

Basophils

• in peripheral blood
• secrete chemical histamine–>released during inflammatory response
• produce heparin, a powerful anti-coagulant
  
  • prevents blood from clotting

Question 7

Agranulocytes

Answer 7

Monocytes

• largest leukocytes, aggressive phagocytes
• engulf larger bacterial organisms and cancer cells
• macrophages are specialized, larger monocytes

Lymphocytes

• protect against infection, function in immune mechanism
• B lymphocytes
  
  • secrete specialized proteins (antibodies)
  • act to destroy specific bacteria/viruses/toxins
• T lymphocytes
  
  • directly attack virally infected/cancerous cells

Question 8

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Answer 8

• essential role in coagulation
• clot–>plugs up torn/cut vessels and stops bleeding

Steps in clotting

1) Injury
2) clotting factors and platelets become sticky and accumulate at site
- prothrombin activator formed
3) platelets form more prothrombin activator
4) activator converts prothrombin to thrombin
5) Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen to become fibrin (fibrous gel)
6) Fibrin forms meshwork, forms long-term seal

Question 9

Antigen

Answer 9

• substance that can activate immune system to respond
• includes production of antibodies
• non-self antigens
  
  • not body’s own, natural, self antigens
• generally entered body from outside

Question 10

Antibody

Answer 10

• substance made by body in response to antigen
• substance that reacts with antigen that stimulates its formation
• react to clump (agglutinate) with antigen

Question 11

Blood Types

Answer 11

Type A

• type A self-antigens in RBCs
• anti-B type antibodies in plasma

Type B

• type B self-antigens in RBCs
• anti-A type antibodies

Type AB

• type A and B antigens in RBCs
• no anti-A or anti-B antibodies

Type O

• no type A or B antigens in RBCs
• both anti-A and Anti-B antibodies in plasma

Question 12

Rh System

Answer 12

Rh+
-Rh factor antigen present in RBCs
Rh-
-Rh factor antigen NOT present

• Rh antibodies naturally present in plasma
• anti-Rh antibodies not natural
  
  • only appear in plasma in Rh+ RBCs have been introduced
• erythroblastosis Fetalis
  
  • when Rh- mother carries 2nd Rh+ fetus
  • caused by mother’s Rh antibodies reacting with baby’s Rh+ cells
• universal donor is O-
• universal recipient is AB+