Structural heart disease Flashcards
What gives rise to the first heart sound during S1?
Tricuspid & Mitral valves closing.
What happens in the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?
mitral and tricuspid valve close, Left ventricle contracts due to depolarisation, volume cannot increase due to mitral valve closing, LV pressure increases, pressure exceeds that of the aorta causing semilunar valve to open. Blood goes into aorta.
What gives rise to the T-wave on the ECG cycle?
Re-polarisation wave.
What causes the second heart sound (isovolumetric phase)?
Closure of the aorta and pulmonary valve.
What is Left ventricular end systolic volume?
volume of blood that stays in the left ventricle at the end of systole.
What is the Left ventricular end diastolic volume?
volume of blood left ventricle contains prior to ejection.
How do you calculate Stroke volume?
By taking the end systolic volume from the end diastolic volume.
What gives rise to the p wave on the ECG?
Atrial contraction
What happens in the atria during diastole?
Mitral valve opens, blood from the atria pools in LV, Atrial contraction happens briefly towards the end of filling (10%) , and plays a larger role when you are exercising (40%).
What are the two types of heart diseases?
Congenital heart diseases
Heart diseases that develop later in life
What are some Congenital Heart diseases?
atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), coarctation of aorta, patent foramen ovale (PFO),Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
What are some heart diseases that develop later in life?
can be due to valvular dysfunctions (Atrial stenosis /regurgitation or muscular (cardiomyopathies)
What causes a Ventricular septal defect?
Happens when the wall between the two ventricles fail to develop normally, leading to a whole in the wall, this can lead to mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Some can close as the child grows but with others you will need surgery to close the whole
What are the presentations for a Ventricular septal defect?
Poor weight gain, feeding.
Palpitations.
What is present in the Tetralogy of Fallot?
4 different effects which happen together;
Ventricular septal defect
Pulmonary stenosis - pulmonary trunk is narrowed down.
Widening of the aortic wall - sits on both ventricles, mixes blood.
Right ventricular hypertrophy - thickening of the wall of the right ventricle.
Multiple surgeries needed for normal breathing.
What is a Atrial Septal defect?
Whole in the wall between the 2 atria, develops due to failure of the walls development during pregnancy.
What is Coarctation of the Aorta?
Narrowing of the arterial wall in the descending aorta, during ventricular systole blood has to be forced through, requiring greater ventricular effort, this can cause thickening of the ventricle or heart failure.
What can happen due to a Aortic valve defect?
Aortic Stenosis
Aortic regurgitation
What can happen due to a Mitral valve defect?
Mitral Stenosis
Mitral Regurgitation
What is the biggest cause of valvular heart disease later on in life?
Rheumatic Heart disease
What age group is Calcific aortic valve disease most present?
> 80
What usually precedes aortic stenosis?
Aortic sclerosis - thickening of the aortic valve with flow limitations.