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BRS Phase 1b > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nature of the structure of the cortex?

A

Organized into layers & columns

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2
Q

How are different regions of the cortex characterized?

A

Cytoarchitecture - based on type of cells, spacing, density, layers.
52 regions identified by Brodmann
Areas relate to function

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3
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Regulating & initiating motor function
language
cognitive function - executive function (planning)
attention memory

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4
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Sensation - touch, pain.
Sensory aspects of language
spacial orientation, self perception

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5
Q

What is the main function of the Occipital lobe

A

Processing visual information

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6
Q

What are the functions of the Temporal lobe?

A

Processing auditory information

emotions, memories

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7
Q

What is the function of the Limbic lobe?

A

Contains; amygdala, hippocampus, mammillary body, cingulate gyrus.
Concerned with learning, memory, emotion, motivation & reward.

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8
Q

What is the function of the Insular Cortex?

A

Lies deep within the lateral fissure

Concerned with visceral sensations, autonomic control, interception, auditory processing, visual vestibular integration.

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9
Q

What is the structure of the brain?

A

Grey matter - neuronal cell bodies & glial cells- 85 billion each.
White matter - Myelinated neuronal axons arranged in tracts.

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10
Q

What connects cortical areas together?

A

white matter tracts

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11
Q

Which white matter tracts connect areas within the same hemisphere?

A

Association fibres

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12
Q

Which white matter tracks connect homologous structures in the left & right hemisphere?

A

Commissural fibres

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13
Q

Which white matter tracts connect cortex with lower brain structures (thalamus, brain stem)?

A

Projection fibres

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14
Q

Which Association fibre connects the frontal and occipital lobes?

A

Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus

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15
Q

Which Association fibre connects the frontal and temporal lobes?

A

Arcuate Fasciculus

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16
Q

Which Association fibre connects the temporal and occipital lobe?

A

Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus

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17
Q

Which Association fibres connect the frontal and temporal lobes?

A

Uncinate Fasciculus

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18
Q

What are some examples of commissure fibres?

A

Corpus callosum - disconnected in severe epilepsy surgically

Anterior commissure

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19
Q

Where do projection fibres radiate deeper to the cortex?

A

Corona radiata

20
Q

Where do projection fibres converge through?

A

Internal capsule between thalamus & basal ganglia

21
Q

What are the features of primary cortices?

A

Predictable function
Organized topographically
Symmetry between left & right

22
Q

What are the features of secondary cortices?

A

Less predictable function
not organize dtopographically
left-right symmetry is weak/absent

23
Q

What are the motor areas of the Frontal lobe?

A

Primary motor cortex
Supplementary area
Premotor area

24
Q

What is the function of the Primary motor cortex?

A

Controls fine, discrete, pre-voluntary movement.

Provides descending signals to execute movements.

25
Q

What is the function of the Supplementary area?

A

Involved in planning complex movements e.g. internally cued - production of speech

26
Q

What is the function of the Premotor area?

A

Planning externally cued movements - seeing an object and wanting to pick it up

27
Q

What is the function of the primary somatosensory area of the parietal lobe?

A

Processes somatic sensations arising from receptors in the body (e.g. fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, proprioception, pain and temperature.

28
Q

What is the function of the Somatosensory association centre in the Parietal lobe?

A

Interpret the significance of sensory information, e.g. recognizing an object placed in the hand.
Awareness of self and awareness of personal space

29
Q

What are the main cortices of the Occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual - process visual stimuli

Visual association - Gives meaning & interpretation of visual input

30
Q

What are the main Cortices of the temporal lobe?

A

Primary auditory - process auditory stimuli

Auditory association - Gives meaning & interpretation of auditory input

31
Q

What is meant by Tonographic?

A

Different frequencies of sound are mapped onto different areas of the auditory cortex.

32
Q

What is Broca’s area associated with?

A

Speech production

33
Q

What is Wernicke’s area associated with?

A

Understanding of language

34
Q

What is the Prefrontal cortex associated with?

A 
Attention
adjusting social behaviour
planning
personality expression
decision-making
35
Q

What happens if you have Frontal lobe lesions?

A

Changes in personality

Inappropriate behaviour

36
Q

What would happen following a Parietal lobe lesion?

A

Lesion in the right hemisphere would cause neglect on the left side of the body. Contralateral neglect

37
Q

What would happen following a temporal lobe lesion?

A

Leads to agnosia, inability to recognise.

38
Q

What would a lesion in Broca’s are lead to?

A

expressive aphasia - poor production of speech, comprehension intact.

39
Q

What would happen following a lesion in Wernicke’s area?

A

Receptive aphasia - poor comprehension of speech, production is fine.

40
Q

What would a primary motor cortex lesion present as?

A

Blindness in the corresponding part of the visual field

41
Q

What would a lesion in the Visual association area of the occipital lobe?

A

Defects in interpretation of visual information. e.g. prosopagnosia - inability to recognise familiar faces/ learn new faces.

42
Q

How do we assess cortical function?

A

Positron emission tomography PET - bllod flow to a brain region (glucose consumption).

Functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI - amount of blood oxygen in a brain region.

Electroencephalography EEG - Measures electrical signals produced by the brain.

Magneto encephalography MEG - Measures magnetic signals produced by the brain

43
Q

What are somatosensory evoked potentials?

A

Series of waves that reflect sequential activation of neural structures along the somatosensory pathways.

44
Q

What happens in Transcranial direct current stimulation, tDCS?

A

Uses low direct current over the scalp to increase/decrease neuronal firing rates.

45
Q

How can we image neuronal tracts in the brain?

A

Diffusion tensor imaging DTI - based on diffusion of water molecules.

BRS Phase 1b (80 decks)

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