Postnatal & Child Development Flashcards
What are the 4 areas of the developing embryo?
Future Forebrain - Prosencephalon
Future Midbrain - Mesencephalon
Future Hindbrain - Rhombencephalon
Future spinal chord
What can you see from a side view of the embryo at 4 weeks
Cephalic flexure
Pontine Flexure
Cervical Flexure
What can you see at 5 weeks?
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Pons & Medulla
What can you see at 8 weeks?
ventricular system, channels 3rd, 4th ventricle and aqueduct developing at this stage
What does the pyramidal tract supply?
Supply sacral lumbar thoracic and cervical nerves
What do the Extra-pyramidal tracts supply?
Coordination of movement and posture and balance regulation
What are the components of a reflex arc
sensory receptor sensory neuron integrating center motor neuron effector
What is the Morrow reflex?
neck is suddenly extended
arms abduct and then adduct
When does the Morrow Reflex develop?
28-32 weeks gestation
should disappear at 2-3 months
What can the persistence of Primitive reflexes indicate?
Impaired development
What is the standing reflex at 3 months?
extension of lower extremities
hips slightly flexed and behind the shoulder
head free to turn
What is the grasp reflex?
Object placed in palm, fingers grasp object
Stroking on the side of the hand opens fingers
When does the baby develop protective reflexes?
6-9 months
What is the parachute reflex?
Baby placed in forward tilt position, protects itself with outstretched arms. also occurs on the side
What is Development?
Global impression of a child encompassing: growth, increase in understanding, acquisition of new skills and more sophisticated responses and behavior
Endows child with increasingly complex skills in order to function in society
Who can assess a Childs development and when?
Parents
All doctors
Nursery nurses
Teachers
Opportunistically
Planned as part of programme of reviews
What are the 4 domains of child development?
Gross Motor Skills - Position, head lag, sitting, walking, running.
Fine Motor skills - Use of hands, grasp and fine pincer, bricks, crayon, puzzles.
Social Skills - Social interaction, Stranger reaction, Eating skills, Dressing
Speech & Language skills - Vocalisation, Words, Understanding, Imaginative play.
What is head lag?
Lift them up, neck lags behind due to weak neck muscles?
When do babies develop good head control?
3 months
What is the positioning at 6-8 weeks?
Raises head to 45 degrees in prone
What is the positioning at 6 months?
Sits with rounded back
What is the positioning at 8 months?
Sits with straight back
What do babies start to do at 3-5 months?
Roll
What is the babies movement at 8-9 months?
Crawling
What is the movement at 10 months?
Cruises around furniture
What is the movement at 12 months?
Walks unsteadily, broad gait, hands apart
What is the movement at 15 months?
Walks steadily
How do babies go from sitting to walking?
Many different pathways
What is vision at 6 weeks?
Follows object by face/head turning?
What is vision/fine motor at 4 months?
Reaches out for toys
What is fine motor at 4-6 months?
Palmar grasp
What is fine motor at 7 months?
transfer toys from one hand to the other
What is fine motor at 10 months?
mature pincer grip
What is fine motor at 16-18 months?
Able to make marks with a crayon
What are fine motor at 14 months to 4 years?
Progression of building block coordination
What is fine motor at 2-5 years?
Develops more sophisticated drawings
What is language for a newborn?
Startles to loud noises
What is language at 3-4 months?
Vocalises alone or when spoken to, coos and laughs
What is language at 7 months?
turn to soft sounds out of sight
What is language at 7-10 months
7 - indiscriminately use of sound polysyllabic babble
10- discriminatory use of sound towards parents
What is language at 12 months?
Two to three words other than dada mama
What is language at 18 months?
6-10 words, shows two parts of the body
What is language at 20-24 months?
Uses two or more words to make simple phrases
What is language at 2.5-3 years?
Talks consistently with 3-4 word sentences
What is social development at 18 months?
Holds spoon and gets food safely to mouth
What is social at 18-24 months?
symbolic play
What is social at 6 weeks?
Smiles responsively
What is social at 6-8 months?
puts food in mouth
What is social at 10-12 months?
waves bye-bye, plays peek a boo
What is social at 12 months?
Drinks from a cup with two hands
What is social at 2 yrs old?
dry by day pulls off some clothing
What is social at 2.5-3 yrs old?
parallel play, interactive play evolving, takes turns
What are limit ages?
warning system for development Head control - 4 months Sits unsupported - 9 months Stands Independently - 12 months Walks independently - 18 months
