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Pharmacy Practice I > Stroke and Heart Failure > Flashcards

Stroke and Heart Failure Flashcards

1
Q

what percentage of strokes are ischemic strokes?

A

87%

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2
Q

what does ischemic stroke mean?

A

blood clot blocking blood flow to brain

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3
Q

what percentage of strokes are hemorrhagic strokes?

A

13%

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4
Q

what does hemorrhagic stroke mean?

A

blood vessel breaks and bleeds into the brain

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5
Q

stroke is the ____ leading cause of death

A

5th

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6
Q

every _ minutes someone dies of a stroke

A

4

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7
Q

someone in the US has a stroke every ___ seconds

A

40

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8
Q

modifiable risk factors of a stroke

A 
smoking
diet
alcohol intake
physical inactivity
obesity
hypertension
dyslipidemia
heart disease
atrial fibrillation
diabetes
sickle cell disease
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9
Q

non-modifiable risk factors of a stroke

A 
age
family history
race
gender
prior stroke or heart attack
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10
Q

what does TIA stand for?

A

transient ischemic attack

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11
Q

signs and symptoms of a stroke?

A 
loss of balance
loss of vision
face uneven
one arm weak or numb
slurred speech
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12
Q

what does BEFAST stand for?

A 
Balance
Eyes
Face
Arms
Speech
Time
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13
Q

define a transient ischemic attack

A

episode of neurological dysfunction due to lack of blood flow to brain, spinal cord, or eyes without acute infarction

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14
Q

what is thrombus

A

term for a clot associated with hypertension and diabetes

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15
Q

what is an embolus?

A

a traveling clot

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16
Q

what are the main causes of a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

hypertension, trauma, drug induced and vascular malformation

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17
Q

symptoms of a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

headache
vomiting
loss of memory/focus
pain down neck or spine

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18
Q

what can happen if bleeding is not stopped during a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

deep coma or death

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19
Q

saccular aneurysm

A

vessel wall weakness at major arteries along the base of the brain

20
Q

what is arteriovenous mslformation (AVM)

A

abnormal connection of blood vessels

21
Q

what are some antiplatelet drugs to prevent ischemic stroke?

A

aspirin
clopidogrel
dipyridamole

22
Q

what is a vitamin k antagonist drug that prevents ischemic stroke?

A

warfarin

23
Q

what is a direct thrombin inhibitor drug to prevent ischemic stroke?

A

dabigatran

24
Q

what are some factor Xa inhibitor drugs to prevent ischemic stroke?

A

rivaroxaban

apixaban

25
Q

name of drug that acts as an enzyme that binds fibrin in a thrombus?

A

alteplase

26
Q

physical post stroke complications

A 
dysphagia: difficulty swallowing foods or liquids
fatigue
foot drop
hemiparesis: muscle weakness
 incontinence: loss of bladder control
pain 
paralysis
seizures
sleep spasticity: muscle tightness
vision
27
Q

emotional post stroke complications

A

depression

pseudobulbar affect: inappropriate involuntary laughing and crying

28
Q

cognition post stroke complications

A

aphasia: unable to express or understand speech
memory loss
vascular dementia: brain damage due to stroke

29
Q

define heart failure

A

impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood

30
Q

heart failure contributes to _ in _ deatsh

A

1, 9

31
Q

modifiable risk factors for heart failure

A
  • Hypertension
  • Coronary artery disease
  • Heart disease
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Diabetes
  • Obesity
  • Alcohol Use
  • Tobacco Use
  • Cardiotoxic drugs
32
Q

non-modifiable risk factors for heart failure

A

age 65 or over
family history
race
gender (more common in male)

33
Q

causes of heart failure:

A 
valvular disease
hypertension
ischemic heart disease
post MI w/ damage
congenital abnormalities
acute hemodynamic stresses
34
Q

normal percentage of blood volume ejected from left ventricle during systole?

A

45-65%

35
Q

systolic heart failure is less than or equal to what percent? what is the abbreviated term?

A

40% (HFrEF)

36
Q

borderline/intermediate heart failure is between what percentages? what is the abbreviated term?

A

40-49% (HFmrEF)

37
Q

preserved heart failure is greater than or equal to what percentage? what is the abbreviated term?

A

50% (HFpEF)

38
Q

symptoms of HF

A 
Dyspnea: difficulty breathing
Fatigue
Exercise intolerance
Orthopnea: Discomfort when breathing while lying down
edema
coughing
SOB
39
Q

Physical exam and diagnostic tests for HF

A 
Vital signs
Volume status
Blood work 
Electrocardiogram
Chest x-ray
Echocardiogram
40
Q

signs of HF (F.A.C.E.S acronym)

A 
Fatigue
Activities limited
Chest congestion
Edema
Shortness of breath
41
Q

NYHA class 1 HF

A

normal physical activity does not cause fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, and or angina

42
Q

NYHA class 2 HF

A

normal physical activity does cause fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, and or angina

43
Q

NYHA class 3 HF

A

less than ordinary physical activity causes fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, and or angina

44
Q

NYHA class 4 HF

A

fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, and or angina occur at rest

45
Q

ACCF/AHA stages of HF (A-D)

A

A: high risk without heart disease or symptoms
B: heart disease but no signs of symptoms
C: heart disease with prior or current symptoms
D: refractory HF requiring specialized interventions

46
Q

drug classes to treat HF

A 
ACEI
ARB
beta blockers
aldosterone antagonists
statins
loop diuretics
anticoagulants
47
Q

HF occurs in ___% of the population over 60

A

10

Pharmacy Practice I (15 decks)

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