Stroke and Heart Failure

Question 1

what percentage of strokes are ischemic strokes?

Answer 1

87%

Question 2

what does ischemic stroke mean?

Answer 2

blood clot blocking blood flow to brain

Question 3

what percentage of strokes are hemorrhagic strokes?

Answer 3

13%

Question 4

what does hemorrhagic stroke mean?

Answer 4

blood vessel breaks and bleeds into the brain

Question 5

stroke is the ____ leading cause of death

Answer 5

5th

Question 6

every _ minutes someone dies of a stroke

Answer 6

4

Question 7

someone in the US has a stroke every ___ seconds

Answer 7

40

Question 8

modifiable risk factors of a stroke

Answer 8

smoking
diet
alcohol intake
physical inactivity
obesity
hypertension
dyslipidemia
heart disease
atrial fibrillation
diabetes
sickle cell disease

Question 9

non-modifiable risk factors of a stroke

Answer 9

age
family history
race
gender
prior stroke or heart attack

Question 10

what does TIA stand for?

Answer 10

transient ischemic attack

Question 11

signs and symptoms of a stroke?

Answer 11

loss of balance
loss of vision
face uneven
one arm weak or numb
slurred speech

Question 12

what does BEFAST stand for?

Answer 12

Balance
Eyes
Face
Arms
Speech
Time

Question 13

define a transient ischemic attack

Answer 13

episode of neurological dysfunction due to lack of blood flow to brain, spinal cord, or eyes without acute infarction

Question 14

what is thrombus

Answer 14

term for a clot associated with hypertension and diabetes

Question 15

what is an embolus?

Answer 15

a traveling clot

Question 16

what are the main causes of a hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 16

hypertension, trauma, drug induced and vascular malformation

Question 17

symptoms of a hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 17

headache
vomiting
loss of memory/focus
pain down neck or spine

Question 18

what can happen if bleeding is not stopped during a hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 18

deep coma or death

Question 19

saccular aneurysm

Answer 19

vessel wall weakness at major arteries along the base of the brain

Question 20

what is arteriovenous mslformation (AVM)

Answer 20

abnormal connection of blood vessels

Question 21

what are some antiplatelet drugs to prevent ischemic stroke?

Answer 21

aspirin
clopidogrel
dipyridamole

Question 22

what is a vitamin k antagonist drug that prevents ischemic stroke?

Answer 22

warfarin

Question 23

what is a direct thrombin inhibitor drug to prevent ischemic stroke?

Answer 23

dabigatran

Question 24

what are some factor Xa inhibitor drugs to prevent ischemic stroke?

Answer 24

rivaroxaban

apixaban

Question 25

name of drug that acts as an enzyme that binds fibrin in a thrombus?

Answer 25

alteplase

Question 26

physical post stroke complications

Answer 26

``` dysphagia: difficulty swallowing foods or liquids fatigue foot drop hemiparesis: muscle weakness incontinence: loss of bladder control pain paralysis seizures sleep spasticity: muscle tightness vision ```

Question 27

emotional post stroke complications

Answer 27

depression | pseudobulbar affect: inappropriate involuntary laughing and crying

Question 28

cognition post stroke complications

Answer 28

aphasia: unable to express or understand speech memory loss vascular dementia: brain damage due to stroke

Question 29

define heart failure

Answer 29

impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood

Question 30

heart failure contributes to _ in _ deatsh

Answer 30

1, 9

Question 31

modifiable risk factors for heart failure

Answer 31

* Hypertension * Coronary artery disease * Heart disease * Hyperlipidemia * Diabetes * Obesity * Alcohol Use * Tobacco Use * Cardiotoxic drugs

Question 32

non-modifiable risk factors for heart failure

Answer 32

age 65 or over family history race gender (more common in male)

Question 33

causes of heart failure:

Answer 33

``` valvular disease hypertension ischemic heart disease post MI w/ damage congenital abnormalities acute hemodynamic stresses ```

Question 34

normal percentage of blood volume ejected from left ventricle during systole?

Answer 34

45-65%

Question 35

systolic heart failure is less than or equal to what percent? what is the abbreviated term?

Answer 35

40% (HFrEF)

Question 36

borderline/intermediate heart failure is between what percentages? what is the abbreviated term?

Answer 36

40-49% (HFmrEF)

Question 37

preserved heart failure is greater than or equal to what percentage? what is the abbreviated term?

Answer 37

50% (HFpEF)

Question 38

symptoms of HF

Answer 38

``` Dyspnea: difficulty breathing Fatigue Exercise intolerance Orthopnea: Discomfort when breathing while lying down edema coughing SOB ```

Question 39

Physical exam and diagnostic tests for HF

Answer 39

``` Vital signs Volume status Blood work Electrocardiogram Chest x-ray Echocardiogram ```

Question 40

signs of HF (F.A.C.E.S acronym)

Answer 40

``` Fatigue Activities limited Chest congestion Edema Shortness of breath ```

Question 41

NYHA class 1 HF

Answer 41

normal physical activity does not cause fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, and or angina

Question 42

NYHA class 2 HF

Answer 42

normal physical activity does cause fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, and or angina

Question 43

NYHA class 3 HF

Answer 43

less than ordinary physical activity causes fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, and or angina

Question 44

NYHA class 4 HF

Answer 44

fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, and or angina occur at rest

Question 45

ACCF/AHA stages of HF (A-D)

Answer 45

A: high risk without heart disease or symptoms B: heart disease but no signs of symptoms C: heart disease with prior or current symptoms D: refractory HF requiring specialized interventions

Question 46

drug classes to treat HF

Answer 46

``` ACEI ARB beta blockers aldosterone antagonists statins loop diuretics anticoagulants ```

Question 47

HF occurs in ___% of the population over 60

Answer 47

10