Hypertension

Question 1

Cardiac output (CO) is the sum of which two factors?

Answer 1

Heart rate (HR) X Stroke Volume (SV)
How fast heart beats, how much volume is passed by left ventricle

Question 2

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Answer 2

Determined by cardiac output and resistance of vessels (Peripheral resistance PR)
CO + PR

Question 3

Diastolic pressure

Answer 3

Filling up, least pressure

Question 4

Systolic pressure

Answer 4

Leaving heart, high pressure

Question 5

Aorta pressure is

Answer 5

High

Question 6

Veinal pressure is

Answer 6

Low

Question 7

Blood pressure homeostasis (systems)

Answer 7

Vasodilating/vasoconstriction systems

Question 8

Sympathetic (Adrenergic) system

Answer 8

Vasoconstricting system
Norepinephrine and epinephrine main hormones
Flight or fight response
Pupil dilation, sweating, inc HR, inc BP

Question 9

Adrenergic Receptors (2 receptors) describe what occurs due to activation of different receptors

Answer 9

Alpha 1 receptors -
activation ->smooth muscle contraction
Beta receptors -
Beta 1 in heart: activation -> cardiac muscle contraction
Beta 2 in lungs: activation -> smooth muscle relaxation

Question 10

Calcium channels

location and function

Answer 10

Located on smooth muscle

Allow entry of extracellular calcium resulting in smooth muscle contraction (inc pressure on vessels)

Question 11

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

• what does it do to kidneys?
• What is released?

Answer 11

Dec blood flow to kidneys resulting in renin released

Question 12

What does renin do?

Answer 12

Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Question 13

Ace converts Angtiotensin I to?

Answer 13

Angiotensin II

Question 14

Angtiotensin II

Answer 14

Potent vasoconstrictor

Stimulated release of aldosterone which causes resorption of sodium and water

Question 15

Endothelins

Answer 15

Family of peptides
Potent vasoconstrictors
Influence sodium and water homeostasis

Question 16

Hypertension

Answer 16

Sustained, elevated BP (idiopathic)

Rarely occurs in specific parts of body (renal, endocrine,neurological…)

Question 17

Is hypertension most common diagnosis in US? More common in men or women? Most common at what age?
Most common ethnic group?

Answer 17

Yes
Men
60+
Non-Hispanic black

Question 18

Risk factors for hypertension (11)

Answer 18

Genetics (family history)
Age
Medications
Inadequate sleep 
Inc body mass
Insulin resistance 
High alcohol intake
High sodium intake
Sedentary lifestyle
Low potassium/calcium intake
Stress

Question 19

What can hypertension lead to?

Answer 19

Heart failure
Myocardial ischemia and infarction 
Stroke
Nephrosclerosis and renal failure
Retinopathy

Question 20

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) Risk estimator

Answer 20

Website where you put in personal health info to evaluate risk of ASCVD

Question 21

Symptoms of hypertension

Answer 21

Typically asymptomatic

Question 22

Signs of hypertension

Answer 22

Inc BP

Question 23

2017 ACC/AHA clinical practice guidelines for hypertension

Answer 23

Emphasis on using proper techniques for acc BP measurement, including home monitoring
Multiple measurements to confirm diagnosis
Focus on lifestyle modifications

Question 24

Normal BP
Elevated BP
Stage 1 Hypertension BP
Stage 2 Hypertension BP

Answer 24

<120/<80
120-129/<80
130-139/80-89
> or equal to 140/> or equal to 90

Question 25

What classes of drugs help to manage hypertension?

Answer 25

Thiazide or thiazide-type diuretic
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)
Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)
Calcium channel blocker (CCB) (dihydropyridines)

Question 26

Diet recommendations to reduce risk of hypertension

Answer 26

Healthier diet: dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) diet
Lower sodium intake
Inc dietary potassium
Reduce alcohol intake

Question 27

What systems in body can be impacted by hypertension?

Answer 27

Cardiovascular, renal, endocrine, and neural