Hypertension Flashcards
Cardiac output (CO) is the sum of which two factors?
Heart rate (HR) X Stroke Volume (SV) How fast heart beats, how much volume is passed by left ventricle
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Determined by cardiac output and resistance of vessels (Peripheral resistance PR)
CO + PR
Diastolic pressure
Filling up, least pressure
Systolic pressure
Leaving heart, high pressure
Aorta pressure is
High
Veinal pressure is
Low
Blood pressure homeostasis (systems)
Vasodilating/vasoconstriction systems
Sympathetic (Adrenergic) system
Vasoconstricting system
Norepinephrine and epinephrine main hormones
Flight or fight response
Pupil dilation, sweating, inc HR, inc BP
Adrenergic Receptors (2 receptors) describe what occurs due to activation of different receptors
Alpha 1 receptors -
activation ->smooth muscle contraction
Beta receptors -
Beta 1 in heart: activation -> cardiac muscle contraction
Beta 2 in lungs: activation -> smooth muscle relaxation
Calcium channels
location and function
Located on smooth muscle
Allow entry of extracellular calcium resulting in smooth muscle contraction (inc pressure on vessels)
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
- what does it do to kidneys?
- What is released?
Dec blood flow to kidneys resulting in renin released
What does renin do?
Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Ace converts Angtiotensin I to?
Angiotensin II
Angtiotensin II
Potent vasoconstrictor
Stimulated release of aldosterone which causes resorption of sodium and water
Endothelins
Family of peptides
Potent vasoconstrictors
Influence sodium and water homeostasis
Hypertension
Sustained, elevated BP (idiopathic)
Rarely occurs in specific parts of body (renal, endocrine,neurological…)
Is hypertension most common diagnosis in US? More common in men or women? Most common at what age?
Most common ethnic group?
Yes
Men
60+
Non-Hispanic black
Risk factors for hypertension (11)
Genetics (family history) Age Medications Inadequate sleep Inc body mass Insulin resistance High alcohol intake High sodium intake Sedentary lifestyle Low potassium/calcium intake Stress
What can hypertension lead to?
Heart failure Myocardial ischemia and infarction Stroke Nephrosclerosis and renal failure Retinopathy
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) Risk estimator
Website where you put in personal health info to evaluate risk of ASCVD
Symptoms of hypertension
Typically asymptomatic
Signs of hypertension
Inc BP
2017 ACC/AHA clinical practice guidelines for hypertension
Emphasis on using proper techniques for acc BP measurement, including home monitoring
Multiple measurements to confirm diagnosis
Focus on lifestyle modifications
Normal BP
Elevated BP
Stage 1 Hypertension BP
Stage 2 Hypertension BP
<120/<80
120-129/<80
130-139/80-89
> or equal to 140/> or equal to 90
