Stress And GAS

Question 1

What does stress cause physiologically?

Answer 1

1. An increase in adrenal cortex Fx (release of glucocorticoids in the zone fasiculata)
2. Atrophy of the thymus gland ( a decreased Fx of the immune system results bc B and T lymphocytes go to the thymus gland to mature)
3. SNS stimulation (release of catcholamines from adrenal medulla)

Question 2

Cerebral cortex response to stress

Answer 2

After receiving afferent impulses from PNS it maintains wakefulness and alertness
- also it causes vasodilation in the skeletal muscles to allow for more blood flow

Question 3

Limbic systems response to stress

Answer 3

It regulates emotion and behaviour, it also communicates with the cerebral cortex to release endorphins which reduce pain
Endorphins = natural pain killers

Question 4

Reticular formation response to stress

Answer 4

Aka RAS (consists of Limbic system, cerebral cortex, and thalamus. It receives input from the PNS and hypothalamus. It maintains wakefulness and alertness

Question 5

Hypothalamus response to stress

Answer 5

It receives information regarding traumatic stimuli via baroreceptors and will send out a signal to the pituitary gland to stimulate the ANS.
It will also promote a cascade for releasing hormones

Question 6

That are the functions of inflamation

Answer 6

1. To remove the cause of damage
2. To limit the extent of damage
3. Assist affected tissue in healing

Question 7

What is an acute response?

Answer 7

An immediate/ sudden response to stressors.

Question 8

We’re compensatory mechanisms made for an acute response or a chronic response to stressors?

Answer 8

A compensatory mechanism is designed for an acute response not for chronic response because a compensatory mechanism is not made to in action for the long run.

Question 9

What happens in the Alarm stage in GAS

Answer 9

Fight or flight is initiated and NE and EPI is released

Question 10

What happens during the resistance phase during GAS

Answer 10

If the stressor is not removed, The body will try to normalize the vitals by kicking in the PSNS
- you’re in a hyper metabolic state
- depression of B and T lymphocytes because of atrophy of thymus glands

Question 11

Why are you in a hyper metabolic state during the resistance phase of GAS?

Answer 11

The body raises blood sugar to stabilize the inflammatory response

Question 12

What happens during the exhaustion phase of gas

Answer 12

Decreased immunity and or death to follow

Question 13

The hypothalamus will release Corticotropin releasing hormone CRH, which will then produces a cascade of other hormones to be released from the pituitary gland . What are those hormones?

Answer 13

ACTH, GH, and TSH

Question 14

Endocrine mechanism to stress : ACTH

Answer 14

It effects the adrenal cortex which allows for the release of glucocorticoidticoid (cortisol)

Question 15

Endocrine mechanism to stress : TSH

Answer 15

The thyroid gland is stimulated to release T3/T4 which increases metabolism

Question 16

Endocrine mechanism to stress: ADH

Answer 16

The kidneys reabsorption water to increase blood volume which increases blood pressure

Question 17

Endocrine mechanism to stress : aldosterone

Answer 17

Retains sodium which retains water which retains fluid volume

Question 18

Endocrine mechanism to stress: glucagon

Answer 18

Triggers your liver to break down glycogen to release glucose into your blood stream to increase metabolic rate. This processes is called glycogenolysis

Question 19

Endocrine mechanism to stress : catecholamines

Answer 19

Releases from adrenal medulla which obviously promotes the SNS response (alarm stage)

Question 20

ACTH causes the release of the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoid (cortisol). What immune effect to stress does this have?

Answer 20

• decreased WBC count
• Decreased T/B lymphocytes
• decreased inflamation
• increased gastric secretion (more acid production

Question 21

What are the clinical manifestations of an inflammatory response?

Answer 21

Calor, Dolor, tumor, rubor, loss of Fx

Question 22

What are the positive effects of inflammation

Answer 22

• dilutes toxins
• brings antibodies to effected areas
• enhanced blood flow allows for drug exposure
• enhanced blood flow gets O2 and nutrients to the area
• stimulates the immune system
• fibrin formation occurs which traps microorganisms and forms a protective shield for clotting

Question 23

What are the negative effects of inflammation

Answer 23

• damage to normal tissue can occur
• too much swelling can cut off circulation
• there could be an inappropriate initiation of the immune system