Stress And GAS Flashcards
What does stress cause physiologically?
- An increase in adrenal cortex Fx (release of glucocorticoids in the zone fasiculata)
- Atrophy of the thymus gland ( a decreased Fx of the immune system results bc B and T lymphocytes go to the thymus gland to mature)
- SNS stimulation (release of catcholamines from adrenal medulla)
Cerebral cortex response to stress
After receiving afferent impulses from PNS it maintains wakefulness and alertness
- also it causes vasodilation in the skeletal muscles to allow for more blood flow
Limbic systems response to stress
It regulates emotion and behaviour, it also communicates with the cerebral cortex to release endorphins which reduce pain
Endorphins = natural pain killers
Reticular formation response to stress
Aka RAS (consists of Limbic system, cerebral cortex, and thalamus. It receives input from the PNS and hypothalamus. It maintains wakefulness and alertness
Hypothalamus response to stress
It receives information regarding traumatic stimuli via baroreceptors and will send out a signal to the pituitary gland to stimulate the ANS.
It will also promote a cascade for releasing hormones
That are the functions of inflamation
- To remove the cause of damage
- To limit the extent of damage
- Assist affected tissue in healing
What is an acute response?
An immediate/ sudden response to stressors.
We’re compensatory mechanisms made for an acute response or a chronic response to stressors?
A compensatory mechanism is designed for an acute response not for chronic response because a compensatory mechanism is not made to in action for the long run.
What happens in the Alarm stage in GAS
Fight or flight is initiated and NE and EPI is released
What happens during the resistance phase during GAS
If the stressor is not removed, The body will try to normalize the vitals by kicking in the PSNS
- you’re in a hyper metabolic state
- depression of B and T lymphocytes because of atrophy of thymus glands
Why are you in a hyper metabolic state during the resistance phase of GAS?
The body raises blood sugar to stabilize the inflammatory response
What happens during the exhaustion phase of gas
Decreased immunity and or death to follow
The hypothalamus will release Corticotropin releasing hormone CRH, which will then produces a cascade of other hormones to be released from the pituitary gland . What are those hormones?
ACTH, GH, and TSH
Endocrine mechanism to stress : ACTH
It effects the adrenal cortex which allows for the release of glucocorticoidticoid (cortisol)
Endocrine mechanism to stress : TSH
The thyroid gland is stimulated to release T3/T4 which increases metabolism
Endocrine mechanism to stress: ADH
The kidneys reabsorption water to increase blood volume which increases blood pressure
Endocrine mechanism to stress : aldosterone
Retains sodium which retains water which retains fluid volume
Endocrine mechanism to stress: glucagon
Triggers your liver to break down glycogen to release glucose into your blood stream to increase metabolic rate. This processes is called glycogenolysis
Endocrine mechanism to stress : catecholamines
Releases from adrenal medulla which obviously promotes the SNS response (alarm stage)
ACTH causes the release of the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoid (cortisol). What immune effect to stress does this have?
- decreased WBC count
- Decreased T/B lymphocytes
- decreased inflamation
- increased gastric secretion (more acid production
What are the clinical manifestations of an inflammatory response?
Calor, Dolor, tumor, rubor, loss of Fx
What are the positive effects of inflammation
- dilutes toxins
- brings antibodies to effected areas
- enhanced blood flow allows for drug exposure
- enhanced blood flow gets O2 and nutrients to the area
- stimulates the immune system
- fibrin formation occurs which traps microorganisms and forms a protective shield for clotting
What are the negative effects of inflammation
- damage to normal tissue can occur
- too much swelling can cut off circulation
- there could be an inappropriate initiation of the immune system
