Cell Patho

Question 1

Cells respond to environmental changes or injury in three general ways…

Answer 1

1. When the change is mild and short lived the cell returns to its normal state (this is called reversible cell injury
2. The cell may adapt to a persistent or sub lethal injury by changing its structure or function
3. Cell death may occurs if the injury is too severe or prolonged

Question 2

Cell death is irreversible and may occur by two different processes…

Answer 2

Necrosis and apoptosis

Question 3

Necrosis is cell death caused by _______

Answer 3

External injury

Question 4

Apoptosis is triggered by _________

Answer 4

Intracellular signalling cascades that result in regulated cell death

Question 5

Regardless of the cause of injury to the cell, reversible injuries and early stages of irreversible injuries result in what of the cell?

Answer 5

Cellular swelling and accumulation of excess substances within the cell

Question 6

Cellular swelling and accumulation of excess substances within the cell are changes that occur with cellular injury. These changes reflect what of the cells function

Answer 6

The cells inability to preform normal metabolic functions because of insufficient cellular energy or a dysfunction in metabolic enzymes

Question 7

Hydropic swelling (oncosis)

Answer 7

Cellular swelling with the accumulation of water

Question 8

What is the first manifestation of most forms of reversible cell injury

Answer 8

Hydropic swelling

Question 9

Why does hydropic swelling happen

Answer 9

Because there is a malfunction in the sodium potassium pump and because of this sodium ions accumulate within the cells which creates an osmotic gradient for water entry within the cell

Question 10

why might an accumulation of substances in a cell result in cellular injury

Answer 10

the substances might be toxic, provoke an immune response, or occupy space needed for cellular function

Question 11

what are the three categories that an accumulation in a cell might be

Answer 11

1. excessive amounts of normal intracellular substances such as fats
2. accumulation of abnormal substances produced by the cell because of faulty metabolism
3. accumulation of pigments and particle that the cell is unable to degrade

Question 12

what are normal intracellular substances that tend to accumulate in injured cell?

Answer 12

lipids, carbs, glycogen, and proteins

Question 13

what are the 5 cellular adaptations

Answer 13

atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia

Question 14

atrophy

Answer 14

occurs when the cell shrinks and reduces its differentiated functions

Question 15

what are the general causes of atrophy?

Answer 15

disuse, denervation, ischemia, nutrient starvation, interruption of endocrine signals, and persistent cell injury

Question 16

what is ischemia

Answer 16

inadequate blood supply to a tissue

Question 17

hypertrophy

Answer 17

an increase in cell mass acompanied by augmented functional capacity

Question 18

why does hypertrophy happen

Answer 18

it happens because of an incresed physiological or pathophysiological demand and results pimarilty from a net increase in cellular protein content

Question 19

hyperplasia

Answer 19

cells that are capable of mitotic division increase their functional capacity by increasing their number of cells

Question 20

why does hyperlasia happen `

Answer 20

due to increase physiological demands, hormonal stimuli or persistent cell injury

Question 21

metaplasia

Answer 21

replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.

Question 22

why does metaplasia occur

Answer 22

due to persistant injury and replaces the cell type to better tolerate the injurious stimli

Question 23

necrosis usually occurs as a consequence of …

Answer 23

ischemia or toxic injury

Question 24

necrosis is characterised by …

Answer 24

cell rupture, spilling of contents into the extracellular fluid, and inflammation

Question 25

apoptotic cells do not rupture like necrosis, so what happens to the dead cell?

Answer 25

it is ingested by neigboring cells

Question 26

what are the manefestations when the body system is responding to the injury or death of cells?

Answer 26

inflamatory response, malaise, fever, increased heart rate, increased WBC count, and loss of apetite

Question 27

what is used as an indicator to find the location and extent of cellular death?

Answer 27

the proportion of the type of cellular protein in the blood

Question 28

dysplasia

Answer 28

the disorganised appearance of the cells

Question 29

where can dysplasia be found?

Answer 29

in hyperplastic squamous epithelium and mucosa of the intestines.

Question 30

what are causes of hypoxia?

Answer 30

anerobic metabolism, decrease in ATP, decrease in cellular integrity, acidosis (lactic acid), infarction

Question 31

infarction

Answer 31

an stopping of blood flow to a tissue

Question 32

stagnant/ischemic hypoxia

Answer 32

there is a reduced supply of oxygen to tissues due to inadequate blood flow

Question 33

anemic hypoxia

Answer 33

a type of hypoxia that is characterised by the reduced oxygen carrying capcity of the blood due to a decrease in concentration of hemoglobin?

Question 34

hypoxemic hypoxia

Answer 34

a reduced concenstration of oxygen in the arterial blood. occurs when oxygen levels in the blood does not meet oxygen demand

Question 35

histotoxic hypoxia

Answer 35

when the tissues of the body of unable to effectivly use the oxygen delivered to them even when there is adequite amounts of O2

Question 36

what is the compensatory mechanism of chronic hypoxia?

Answer 36

the renal enzyme stimulates the liver to produce EPO which stimulates the bone marrow to make more red blood cells to increase O2 carrying capacity

ie. the body is compensating for hypoxemia through polycythemia

Question 37

what are factors that can affect a SpO2 accuracy?

Answer 37

poor periphral perfusion, hyper/hypoventilation, anemia/hemorrhage, COPD, movement, ambient light, nail polish, cyanide poisoning, CO, sepsis