Pain SUPP

Question 1

What is pain caused by

Answer 1

A noxious stimulus

Question 2

What are pain receptors known as?

Answer 2

Nociceptors

Question 3

What do nociceptors respond to?

Answer 3

Thermal,chemical, and mechanical stimuli

Question 4

Physiological mechanisms involved in pain sensation are called nociception, nnociception is divided into 4 stages. What are the 4 stages?

Answer 4

1. Transduction
2. Transmission
3. Perception
4. Modulation

Question 5

Transduction

Answer 5

The conversion of the painful stimuli to neuronal action potentials at sensory receptors

Question 6

Transmission

Answer 6

Movement of action potentials along neurons from peripheral receptor to spinal cord and then to the brain

Question 7

Perception

Answer 7

The brain receives the pain signals and interprets them as painful

Question 8

Modulation

Answer 8

Alteration of synaptic transmission of pain signals

Question 9

What are the 2 types of fibers involved in pain transmission

Answer 9

A-delta and C fibers

Question 10

A-delta fibers

Answer 10

They are larger and conduct impulses at a fast rapid rate.
They are responsible for acute and sharp pain
They are sensitive to thermal and mechanical stimuli

Question 11

C fibers

Answer 11

They are smaller and conduct impulses at a slower rate
They are responsible for chronic pain
Pain gates are open by C fiber stimulation

Question 12

What chemotactic substances also stimulate nociceptors?

Answer 12

Prostaglandins, bradykinins, and histamines

Question 13

Each spinal nerve contains the pain fibres for a particular area of the body surface, these are called?

Answer 13

Dermatomes

Question 14

Neurological pain usually follows Dermatomal distribution patterns, these patters are called

Answer 14

Radiculopathy

Question 15

The brain has the power to control the intensity of pain signals. The system for this is located in certain areas of the nervous system, where are these areas?

Answer 15

The spinal cord and pons

Question 16

Which neurotransmitters are used to control the intensity of pain

Answer 16

Serotonin, which acts on neurons to secrete enkephalins which inhibit the release of substance P

Question 17

What is the Endogenous pain control system

Answer 17

Brain has power to control intensity of pain signals

Question 18

What do the transmitters do in endogenous pain control

Answer 18

Enkenphalins inhibit the release of substance P
Serotonin acts on neurons that secrete encephalin

Question 19

What is pain tolerance

Answer 19

Variable period of time of pain endurance before a pain response is initiated
Varies in individual
Influenced by factors like genes, race, culture

Question 20

What is pain threshold

Answer 20

The point at which the noxious stimulus is percieved as pain
Acute pain will be more accurately felt compared to chronic pain

Question 21

Cutaneous pain

Answer 21

Direct and acute from the skin
Different pain in each layer

Question 22

Visceral pain

Answer 22

Diffused and poorly located
Some is referred in nature

Question 23

Referred pain

Answer 23

Pain that is localized away from the original site
Reflex muscle spasms

Question 24

Headache pain

Answer 24

Pain results from internal and external stimuli

Question 25

Phantom limb pain

Answer 25

Tingling, burning or intolerable pain in an amputated extremity - May last weeks, months or years to subside - Stimulation of nerve endings

Question 26

Hyperplasgesia

Answer 26

Hyperactivity of pain pathways - Aka “neuralgia”
Very sensitive nociceptors
Have severe pain with light/normal stimulation