Stress 2

Question 1

Which 6 dental conditions are aggravated by stress?

Answer 1

1. periodontal disease
2. aphthous ulceration
3. acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis
4. TMD - temperomandibular disorders
5. bruxism
6. burning mouth syndrome

Question 2

what are the 2 types of stress?

Answer 2

short-term stress
prolonged stress

Question 3

describe the physiological response of short-term stress. (4)

Answer 3

• stress experienced
• travel on nerve impulse to spinal cord
• through preganglionic sympathetic fibres to adrenal medulla
• catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine released)

Question 4

7 clinical features of short term stress

Answer 4

• increase heart rate
• increase metabolic rate
• increase blood pressure
• bronchioles dilate
• liver converts glycogen to glucose
• glucose in blood increases
• digestive system activity and urine output decreased

Question 5

what hormones does the adrenal medulla release?

Answer 5

amino acid based
catecholamines

Question 6

describe the physiological response of prolonged stress (7)

Answer 6

• stress experienced
• signal sent to hypothalamus
• CRH - corticotropin releasing hormone released to anterior pituitary gland
• corticotropic cells activate
• release ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone into blood
• targets adrenal cortex
• secrete mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

Question 7

what hormones does the adrenal cortex release?

Answer 7

steroid hormones

• mineralocorticoids
• glucocorticoids

Question 8

clinical features of mineralocorticoids (3)

Answer 8

• kidneys retain sodium and water
• blood volume increases
• blood pressure increases

Question 9

3 clinical features of glucocorticoids

Answer 9

• protein and fats broken down to gluocose
• blood glucose increases
• immune system suppressed

Question 10

what is psychoneuroendoimmunology?

Answer 10

the study of the mind, nervous system and immune system

Question 11

does stress affect caries?

Answer 11

no evidence

HOWEVER

isnt direct but can be indirect through the patients behaviour

Question 12

2 other terms in which the short term stress response is also known as?

Answer 12

Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary Pathway

Neural Pathway

Question 13

2 other terms in which the prolonged stress response is also known as.

Answer 13

Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Endocrine Pathway

Question 14

what is acute stress?

Answer 14

when there is a stressful experience

• involves both pathways

Question 15

what is chronic stress?

Answer 15

happens in the long term
- affecting immune system and health

Question 16

what is G.A.S?

Answer 16

general adaptation syndrome
- suggests chronic stresses change the way our body adapts

Question 17

3 phases of G.A.S. describe each

Answer 17

1. alarm phase
   - shock, then counter shock
   - body in emergency reaction
   - body balance is restored
2. resistance
   - maximising defence and adaptation to co-exist with stressor
3. exhaustion
   - adapting ceases
   - illness or death can follow

Question 18

how can chronic stress lead to illness? (5)

Answer 18

• long term stress
• glucocorticoid receptor gene may be blocked/become less sensitive
• cortisol released when stressed
• cortisol can’t bind to receptors
• cortisol = reduced ability to regulate immune function