Pathology - Neoplasia Flashcards
what does ‘plasia’ mean?
growth
what does neoplasia mean?
new growth
how may cancer treatments affect dental patients? (3)
- xerostomia
- osteoradionecrosis ORN
- extractions - reduce the chance of gum ulcerations
with cancer, what do stages mean?
the measure of the spread of a tumour
the higher the number, the worse it is
what does tumour mean?
swelling
define neoplasm
the abnormal, random growth of tissue which persists after stimuli is removed
why may tumour growth persist after the stimulus is removed? (3)
- the genes are altered
- autonomous - gains independence
- excessive unregulated proliferation
what is the term used to describe tumours which are genetically identical?
clonal
what are the 2 types of tumour?
benign and malignant
what are the 4 features of neoplasia?
- differentiation
- rate of growth
- local invasion
- metastasis
define differentiation
the extent of which the neoplastic tissue represents the tissue of origin
what are the 3 grades of differentiation?
low grade 1 = well differentiated
mod grade 2 = mod differentiated
high grade 3 = poorly differentiated = anaplastic
what does anaplastic mean?
no differentiation from the original tissue - looks nothing similar to it
what are features of an anaplastic tissue? (8)
- pleomorphism
- abnormal nucleus
= chromatin clump, prominent nuclei - increase mitotic activity
- necrosis
- haemorrhage
- ulceration
- tumour giant cells
- loss of polarity/order
what does it mean for tissue to be pleomorphic?
the nucleus varies in size and shape
what are the 10 hallmarks of cancer?
3 resistance
3 build
1 invade
3 attack
- evade growth suppressor
- avoid immune destruction
- resist cell death
- sustain proliferative signalling
- enable replicative immortality
- induce angiogenesis
- enable invasion and metastasis
- induce genomic instability
- deregulate cell energetics
- activate tumour promoting inflammation
list 6 risk factors of cancer
age
obesity
radiation
pathogens
genetic pre-disposition
carcinogenic substances
why can age be a factor of cancer?
- prolonged exposure to other factors
- loss of immune competence
what is the BMI for obesity?
over 30
why can obesity lead to cancer?
more adipose fat cells
- more hormones
- more growth factors
what are the top 2 factors for cancer in the UK?
- smoking
- obesity
what is the most common pathogen in the oral cavity that leads to cancer?
HPV
human papilloma virus
what are 2 carcinogenic substances?
alcohol
tobacco
2 main differences between benign and malignant tumours.
benign = slow growth rate
malignant = fast growth rate
benign = non-invasive but expansive
malignant = invasive
are benign tumours usually differentiated?
yes, low grade 1
what does it mean for a benign tumour to be expansive?
it pushes tissue out rather than invade
are benign tissues harmful?
not usually
but can be compressive in the skull and airways and be painful
what is Meningioma
brain tumour
give a feature of the border for benign tumours.
a compressed connective tissue forming a fibrous capsule
what term is used to describe a malignant tumour at the original site.
primary
what term is used to describe a malignant tumour at a different site
secondary
3 features of malignant tumours
mitosis
ulceration
necrosis
why do you get necrosis in malignant tumours?
the vascular supply cant keep up with the rapid tissue growth
