Pathology - Neoplasia

Question 1

what does ‘plasia’ mean?

Answer 1

growth

Question 2

what does neoplasia mean?

Answer 2

new growth

Question 3

how may cancer treatments affect dental patients? (3)

Answer 3

• xerostomia
• osteoradionecrosis ORN
• extractions - reduce the chance of gum ulcerations

Question 4

with cancer, what do stages mean?

Answer 4

the measure of the spread of a tumour

the higher the number, the worse it is

Question 5

what does tumour mean?

Answer 5

swelling

Question 6

define neoplasm

Answer 6

the abnormal, random growth of tissue which persists after stimuli is removed

Question 7

why may tumour growth persist after the stimulus is removed? (3)

Answer 7

• the genes are altered
• autonomous - gains independence
• excessive unregulated proliferation

Question 8

what is the term used to describe tumours which are genetically identical?

Answer 8

clonal

Question 9

what are the 2 types of tumour?

Answer 9

benign and malignant

Question 10

what are the 4 features of neoplasia?

Answer 10

1. differentiation
2. rate of growth
3. local invasion
4. metastasis

Question 11

define differentiation

Answer 11

the extent of which the neoplastic tissue represents the tissue of origin

Question 12

what are the 3 grades of differentiation?

Answer 12

low grade 1 = well differentiated
mod grade 2 = mod differentiated
high grade 3 = poorly differentiated = anaplastic

Question 13

what does anaplastic mean?

Answer 13

no differentiation from the original tissue - looks nothing similar to it

Question 14

what are features of an anaplastic tissue? (8)

Answer 14

• pleomorphism
• abnormal nucleus
  = chromatin clump, prominent nuclei
• increase mitotic activity
• necrosis
• haemorrhage
• ulceration
• tumour giant cells
• loss of polarity/order

Question 15

what does it mean for tissue to be pleomorphic?

Answer 15

the nucleus varies in size and shape

Question 16

what are the 10 hallmarks of cancer?

3 resistance
3 build
1 invade
3 attack

Answer 16

• evade growth suppressor
• avoid immune destruction
• resist cell death
• sustain proliferative signalling
• enable replicative immortality
• induce angiogenesis
• enable invasion and metastasis
• induce genomic instability
• deregulate cell energetics
• activate tumour promoting inflammation

Question 17

list 6 risk factors of cancer

Answer 17

age
obesity
radiation
pathogens
genetic pre-disposition
carcinogenic substances

Question 18

why can age be a factor of cancer?

Answer 18

• prolonged exposure to other factors
• loss of immune competence

Question 19

what is the BMI for obesity?

Answer 19

over 30

Question 20

why can obesity lead to cancer?

Answer 20

more adipose fat cells
- more hormones
- more growth factors

Question 21

what are the top 2 factors for cancer in the UK?

Answer 21

1. smoking
2. obesity

Question 22

what is the most common pathogen in the oral cavity that leads to cancer?

Answer 22

HPV
human papilloma virus

Question 23

what are 2 carcinogenic substances?

Answer 23

alcohol
tobacco

Question 24

2 main differences between benign and malignant tumours.

Answer 24

benign = slow growth rate
malignant = fast growth rate

benign = non-invasive but expansive
malignant = invasive

Question 25

are benign tumours usually differentiated?

Answer 25

yes, low grade 1

Question 26

what does it mean for a benign tumour to be expansive?

Answer 26

it pushes tissue out rather than invade

Question 27

are benign tissues harmful?

Answer 27

not usually
but can be compressive in the skull and airways and be painful

Question 28

what is Meningioma

Answer 28

brain tumour

Question 29

give a feature of the border for benign tumours.

Answer 29

a compressed connective tissue forming a fibrous capsule

Question 30

what term is used to describe a malignant tumour at the original site.

Answer 30

primary

Question 31

what term is used to describe a malignant tumour at a different site

Answer 31

secondary

Question 32

3 features of malignant tumours

Answer 32

mitosis
ulceration
necrosis

Question 33

why do you get necrosis in malignant tumours?

Answer 33

the vascular supply cant keep up with the rapid tissue growth