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YR 3 - Illness and Wellbeing > Common Skin Cancers > Flashcards

Common Skin Cancers Flashcards

1
Q

3 layers of the skin?

A

epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous layer

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2
Q

what is the predominant cell of the epidermis?

A

keratinised squames

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3
Q

where are melanocytes found and their function?

A

in the epidermis

produce melanin
protect from the sun, uv radiation

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4
Q

give the names for 3 different cancers found on the skin.

A
  • basal cell carcinoma
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • melanocytic tumours
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5
Q

2 most common cancers on the epidermis?

A
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • basal cell carcinoma
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6
Q

cancer of the melanocytes?

A

melanomas

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7
Q

cancer of the merkel cells?

A

merkel cell carcinoma

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8
Q

name for glandular benign tumours?

A

adenomas

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9
Q

name for malignant glandular tumours?

A

carcinomas

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10
Q

what is the common cancer for sites which have been sun exposed?

A

basal cell carcinomas

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11
Q

it is uncommon for basal cell carcinomas to metastases, so why are they an issue?

A

can be locally aggressive
infiltrate into dermis and subcutaneous
- infiltrate blood, nerves, bone

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12
Q

risk factors for basal cell carcinomas? (4)

A

sun, uv radiation

immunosuppressed

pale skin that burns easily

rare genetic predisposition - Gorlin syndrome and Bazex

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13
Q

what is Gorlin Syndrome?

A
  • autosomal dominant
  • lose function of tumour suppressor genes
    = predisposed to basal cell carcinomas
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14
Q

results and clinical features of Gorlin Syndrome. (5)

A

basal cell carcinomas
- palmar pits
- skeletal abnormality
- mental retardation
- brain tumours
- odontogenic keratocysts

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15
Q

describe the appearance of basal cell carcinomas, from early stages to later.

A

appear early as nodules
- islands of basaxoid cells
- peripheral palisade
later become ulcers with rolled edges

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16
Q

what are the two risk types of basal cell carcinomas? describe them.

A

low risk
- tumour is superficial and nodular

high risk
- tumour is infiltrative, micro nodular and morphoeic

17
Q

do basal cell carcinomas metastases?

A

its uncommon

18
Q

are basal cell carcinomas more aggressive than squamous cell carcinomas?

A

no, SCC are more aggressive

19
Q

what are the high risk sites for squamous cell carcinomas? (4)

A

lips
ear
perineum
may occur in mucosal sites

= sun exposed sites

20
Q

what percent of squamous cell carcinomas metastases?

A

0.5-5%

21
Q

risk factors for squamous cell carcinomas (6)

A
  • uv rays
  • radiotherapy
  • immunosuppressed
  • chronic ulcers can develop into scc
  • new drugs for melanoma
  • hydrocarbon exposure
22
Q

who discovered hydrocarbon exposure?

A

Percivall Pott

23
Q

how do squamous cell carcinomas clinically appear? how do they microscopically appear, pre-invasion and post-invasion?

A

nodule with ulcerated, crusted surface

actinic keratosis - pre-invasive change
- nuclei become big
- abnormally mature

invasive islands
trabecuale of squamous cells with cytological atypia

24
Q

where do squamous cell carcinomas typically metastases first?

A

to lymph nodes

25
Q

where do melanocytes derive from?

A

neural crest

26
Q

what is the function of melanocytes?

A

to form melanin
protect nucleus from UV radiation

27
Q

what are benign tumours of melanocytes called?

A

navei = moles

28
Q

what are malignant tumours of melanocytes called?

A

melanomas

29
Q

where are naveus located?

A

usually at the base of the epidermis - the epidermal junction

30
Q

what are compound naevi?

A

groups of naveus cells at the epidermal junction

31
Q

what are the two types of navei? describe them.

A

superficial
- congenital or acquired

blue naevus
- melanocytes haven’t made it to epidermis
- form masses within the dermis

32
Q

4 different types of Blue Navei.

A

mongolian spot

navei of oto, Ito and hori

33
Q

what are atypical moles?

A
  • benign moles that may have irregular borders, different colours and appear larger
34
Q

although atypical moles are benign, why are they concerning?

A

increase the risk of developing melanoma
- due to mutations in CDKN2A gene (p16) - tumour suppressor gene

35
Q

which is the rarest skin cancer?

A

melanomas

36
Q

risk factors for melanomas

A

pale skin
uv radiation
family history
congenital naevi

37
Q

ABCD. describe the differences between naevus tumours and melanomas.

A

melanomas
- asymmetrical
- uneven borders
- colour variation
- diamete = >6mm

naevus
- symmetrical
- even borders
- uniform colour
- diameter = <6mm

38
Q

how are melanomas treated?

A

surgery
- excise primary and lymph nodes if necessary

BRAF inhibitors
- prevent the mutation in BRAF gene

immunotherapy
- drugs to prevent tumour cells deactivating T cells

YR 3 - Illness and Wellbeing (31 decks)

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