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YR 3 - Illness and Wellbeing > Stress > Flashcards

Stress Flashcards

1
Q

define stress

A

the condition that results when individuals perceive a discrepancy between the demands of a situation and their ability to manage the situation, leading to a fight, flight or freeze response

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2
Q

give 4 emotional effects of stress.

A
  • fear
  • anxiety
  • anger
  • exacerbated mood
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3
Q

give 5 physical effects of stress

A
  • headaches
  • sleep disturbance
  • tiredness
  • digestive problems
  • increased heart rate
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4
Q

give 4 cognitive effects of stress.

A
  • hypervigilance
  • poor concentration
  • indecisiveness
  • obsessive worrying
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5
Q

what is appraisal?

A

the act of assessing something

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6
Q

what theory is there to describe appraisal? who made it and when?

A

Theory of Cognitive Appraisal
Lazarus and Folkman, 1984

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7
Q

what are the two types of appraisal?

A

primary and secondary

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8
Q

what 3 questions are asked in primary appraisal?

A

whether the situation
- is benign and non-threatening?
- if it is dangerous/potentially harmful?
- does it threaten self esteem/is it challenging?

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9
Q

describe secondary appraisal and what the assessment consists of.

A

when the situation is benign, non-threatening, not dangerous, not challenging

  • assess what resources and coping skills you have to deal with the sit
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10
Q

give 10 maladaptive coping mechanisms of how people may deal with stress.

A
  • poor eating regime - too much or little
  • increased smoking
  • increased alcohol
  • increased drugs
  • disturbed sleeping
  • hostility or violence
  • lateness/being absent
  • social withdrawal
  • lack of self-care
  • risk taking
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11
Q

describe the vicious cycle of stress

A
  • stress
  • maladaptive coping mechanisms - late nights, poor diet etc
  • imbalance of primary and secondary appraisal
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12
Q

define coping.

A

the thoughts and behaviours used to manage, tolerate or reduce the demands of a stressful environment

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13
Q

what effect does effective coping have?

A
  • appraisal - reduce intensity and duration
  • reduce likelihood that stressor leads to illness
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14
Q

give 2 types of coping mechanisms and describe them

A

approach based
- problem based - solving the problem by adaption or changing
- emotion based - change the emotional reaction, can seek emotional support

avoidant based
- avoiding the problem
- temporary fix, doesnt solve it long term

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15
Q

describe coping (Allen and Greenberger, 1980)

A

more likely to use counterproductive coping strategies e.g. anger, toxic behaviour to manage

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16
Q

what is resilience?

A

an individuals ability to bounce back, adapt or withstand pressure

17
Q

what scale is used to describe resilience? describe it.

A

Connor-Davidson, 10 point Resilience Scale

  • ten statements rated from 0-4
18
Q

what are the 4 types of social support in coping mechanisms?

A

Emotional Support:
- sharing problems, feelings and worry

Informational Support
- require advice and guidance

Social Companionship
- sharing experiences with feedback and validation

Instrumental Support
- giving actual assistance to tasks to relieve stress

19
Q

what are the 2 hypothesis of how social support protects against stress?

A

Buffering Hypothesis
- says social support affects health by protecting against negative effect of high stress

Direct Effect Hypothesis
- says social support is beneficial to health and well-being, regardless of amount of stress

20
Q

what influences determine a persons appraisal? (5)

A
  • based on previous experiences
  • classical conditioning
  • operant conditioning
  • observational learning
  • personality
  • mood
21
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

a response is paired with stimuli

e.g. when you hear the bell, it is lunchtime

22
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

a method using rewards and punishment to modify behaviour

e.g. you will not get chocolate bar if you miss the gym, you will if you go

23
Q

describe Locus of Control (Rotter, 1966)

A

an individuals belief that they control personal relevant outcomes in life

  • internal belief - they are in control
  • external belief - luck or powerful others are in control
24
Q

what are the four types of personality and how do they become a factor for stress, appraisal and coping?

A

type A: - sanita
- impatient
- competitive
- aggressive

type B: - me
- more satisfied with life
- patient
- even-tempered

type C - cancer: - se
- angry personality
- frustration
- low self-esteem

type D - distressed: - p
- social inhibition
- negative outlook
- high external locus of control

25
Q

which personality type was thought to be linked to cancer?

A

type C
- there is actually no association

26
Q

what personality type is prone to adverse outcomes after heart attacks?

A

D

27
Q

two ways in which stress is subjectively measured - give the names and year too

A

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes and Rate, 1967)

Daily Hassles and Uplifts Scale
(Kahner et al, 1981)

28
Q

describe the SRRS - measurement of stress

A

measure life events against physical and psychological health parameters

  • rated 43 stressful life events, identified by clinicians
  • rated on the level of adjustment required to cope with the event
  • marriage had 500 rating
29
Q

give 8 stressful life events, according to SRRS

A
  • change in work
  • major personal achievement
  • moving house
  • marriage
  • divorce
  • illness
  • death of spouse
  • retirement
30
Q

why can SRRS be criticised?

A
  • many events are rare
  • doesn’t include other events - child death
  • based on the stress of marriage by 400 Americans in 1967
  • small sample size
  • outdated
  • not accurate representation
31
Q

describe the Daily Hassles and Uplifts Scale - measurement of stress

A
  • reflects day to day hassles and uplifts to be more cumulative to stress
32
Q

on the Daily Hassles and Uplifts Scale, which contradictions are perceived as hassle and uplifts?

A

uplift - drugs or alcohol

hassle - personal use of drugs

33
Q

positives and negative on social media use on stress

A

positive
- informational support
- emotional support
- social companionship
- accessible

negative
- misinformation
- self-esteem damaged
- trolls
- too accessible
- addiction fomo

YR 3 - Illness and Wellbeing (31 decks)

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