Stress Flashcards
define stress
the condition that results when individuals perceive a discrepancy between the demands of a situation and their ability to manage the situation, leading to a fight, flight or freeze response
give 4 emotional effects of stress.
- fear
- anxiety
- anger
- exacerbated mood
give 5 physical effects of stress
- headaches
- sleep disturbance
- tiredness
- digestive problems
- increased heart rate
give 4 cognitive effects of stress.
- hypervigilance
- poor concentration
- indecisiveness
- obsessive worrying
what is appraisal?
the act of assessing something
what theory is there to describe appraisal? who made it and when?
Theory of Cognitive Appraisal
Lazarus and Folkman, 1984
what are the two types of appraisal?
primary and secondary
what 3 questions are asked in primary appraisal?
whether the situation
- is benign and non-threatening?
- if it is dangerous/potentially harmful?
- does it threaten self esteem/is it challenging?
describe secondary appraisal and what the assessment consists of.
when the situation is benign, non-threatening, not dangerous, not challenging
- assess what resources and coping skills you have to deal with the sit
give 10 maladaptive coping mechanisms of how people may deal with stress.
- poor eating regime - too much or little
- increased smoking
- increased alcohol
- increased drugs
- disturbed sleeping
- hostility or violence
- lateness/being absent
- social withdrawal
- lack of self-care
- risk taking
describe the vicious cycle of stress
- stress
- maladaptive coping mechanisms - late nights, poor diet etc
- imbalance of primary and secondary appraisal
define coping.
the thoughts and behaviours used to manage, tolerate or reduce the demands of a stressful environment
what effect does effective coping have?
- appraisal - reduce intensity and duration
- reduce likelihood that stressor leads to illness
give 2 types of coping mechanisms and describe them
approach based
- problem based - solving the problem by adaption or changing
- emotion based - change the emotional reaction, can seek emotional support
avoidant based
- avoiding the problem
- temporary fix, doesnt solve it long term
describe coping (Allen and Greenberger, 1980)
more likely to use counterproductive coping strategies e.g. anger, toxic behaviour to manage
what is resilience?
an individuals ability to bounce back, adapt or withstand pressure
what scale is used to describe resilience? describe it.
Connor-Davidson, 10 point Resilience Scale
- ten statements rated from 0-4
what are the 4 types of social support in coping mechanisms?
Emotional Support:
- sharing problems, feelings and worry
Informational Support
- require advice and guidance
Social Companionship
- sharing experiences with feedback and validation
Instrumental Support
- giving actual assistance to tasks to relieve stress
what are the 2 hypothesis of how social support protects against stress?
Buffering Hypothesis
- says social support affects health by protecting against negative effect of high stress
Direct Effect Hypothesis
- says social support is beneficial to health and well-being, regardless of amount of stress
what influences determine a persons appraisal? (5)
- based on previous experiences
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
- observational learning
- personality
- mood
what is classical conditioning?
a response is paired with stimuli
e.g. when you hear the bell, it is lunchtime
what is operant conditioning?
a method using rewards and punishment to modify behaviour
e.g. you will not get chocolate bar if you miss the gym, you will if you go
describe Locus of Control (Rotter, 1966)
an individuals belief that they control personal relevant outcomes in life
- internal belief - they are in control
- external belief - luck or powerful others are in control
what are the four types of personality and how do they become a factor for stress, appraisal and coping?
type A: - sanita
- impatient
- competitive
- aggressive
type B: - me
- more satisfied with life
- patient
- even-tempered
type C - cancer: - se
- angry personality
- frustration
- low self-esteem
type D - distressed: - p
- social inhibition
- negative outlook
- high external locus of control
which personality type was thought to be linked to cancer?
type C
- there is actually no association
what personality type is prone to adverse outcomes after heart attacks?
D
two ways in which stress is subjectively measured - give the names and year too
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes and Rate, 1967)
Daily Hassles and Uplifts Scale
(Kahner et al, 1981)
describe the SRRS - measurement of stress
measure life events against physical and psychological health parameters
- rated 43 stressful life events, identified by clinicians
- rated on the level of adjustment required to cope with the event
- marriage had 500 rating
give 8 stressful life events, according to SRRS
- change in work
- major personal achievement
- moving house
- marriage
- divorce
- illness
- death of spouse
- retirement
why can SRRS be criticised?
- many events are rare
- doesn’t include other events - child death
- based on the stress of marriage by 400 Americans in 1967
- small sample size
- outdated
- not accurate representation
describe the Daily Hassles and Uplifts Scale - measurement of stress
- reflects day to day hassles and uplifts to be more cumulative to stress
on the Daily Hassles and Uplifts Scale, which contradictions are perceived as hassle and uplifts?
uplift - drugs or alcohol
hassle - personal use of drugs
positives and negative on social media use on stress
positive
- informational support
- emotional support
- social companionship
- accessible
negative
- misinformation
- self-esteem damaged
- trolls
- too accessible
- addiction fomo
