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YR 3 - Illness and Wellbeing > Pathology - Inflammation and Repair Review > Flashcards

Pathology - Inflammation and Repair Review Flashcards

1
Q

what is inflammation?

A

a response from vascularised tissue to injury

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2
Q

4 purposes of inflammation

A
  • deliver necessary components to site
  • isolate injury
  • destroy microbes
  • remove debris
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3
Q

2 types of inflammation

A

acute
chronic

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4
Q

what is the dominant cell in acute inflammation?

A

neutrophil

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5
Q

what is the dominant cell in chronic inflammation

A

lymphocytes/macrophages

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6
Q

describe acute inflammation - onset, duration

A

early onset
short duration

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7
Q

describe chronic inflammation - onset, duration

A

later onset
longer duration

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8
Q

5 signs of inflammation

A

calor - heat
dolor - pain
rubor - redness
tumour - swelling
function laesa - loss of function

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9
Q

what are the 5 R’s?

A

recognition
recruitment
removal
regulation
repair

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10
Q

define acute inflammation

A

rapid host response that delivers:
- leukocytes
- plasma proteins - antibodies and fibrinogen
to sites of infection or tissue injury

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11
Q

what changes occur in acute inflammation?

A

vascular and cellular reactions:

  • increased vasodilation
  • increased vascular permeability
  • recruitment of leukocytes
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12
Q

what does increased vasodilation and vascular permeability lead to?

A

oedema

  • protein rich exudate releases into the extravascular tissues
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13
Q

what affect does oedema have on the blood flow?

A

the blood flow decreases and the viscosity increases as the concentration of RBC increase

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14
Q

what does slower blood flow lead to?

A

stasis

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15
Q

what are the 5 step cellular changes in acute inflammation?

A
  1. margination
  2. rolling
  3. adhesion
  4. migration
  5. chemotaxis
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16
Q

describe margination (2)

A

vascular stasis
neutrophils move out from central axis toward vessel wall

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17
Q

describe rolling.

A
  • cytokines activate endothelial selectins
  • neutrophil surface ligand interact with the selectins
  • roll along the surface
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18
Q

what is a selectin?

A

self-adhesion molecule

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19
Q

describe adhesion.

A
  • change in integrin
    = higher affinity binding site to selectins
  • neutrophil stops rolling
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20
Q

describe migration.

A

neutrophil moves across blood vessel wall via PECAM-1

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21
Q

describe chemotaxis

A

neutrophils exit
move to site of injury via chemokine gradient

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22
Q

what are 2 types of chemokine? give examples.

A

exogenous - bacterial products
endogenous - cytokines, complement, arachidonic acid metabolites

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23
Q

3 Roles of a Neutrophil

A

phagocytosis
engulfment
killing/degradation

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24
Q

6 Benefits of acute inflammation

A
  • dilute toxins
  • antibodies
  • drug delivery
  • nutrient and oxygen delivery
  • fibrin formaiton
  • stimulates immune response
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25
3 Harmful Effects of Acute Inflammation
- lysosomal enzymes can digest normal tissue - swelling - may be inappropriate response
26
4 ways in which acute inflammation may appear as a morphological pattern
SEROUS INFLAMMATION FIBRINOUS INFLAMMATION PURULENT/SUPPURATIVE INFLAMMATION ULCERATION
27
How does Serous Inflammation Appear Morphologically?
- exudation of cell-depleted fluid into body cavity - few microbes and cells
28
How does Fibrous Inflammation Appear Morphologically?
formation of fibrin
29
How does Purulent Inflammation Appear Morphologically?
- infection + neutrophils - lead to necrosis - lead to pus
30
How does Ulceration Appear Morphologically?
- loss of surface integrity due to shedding of necrotic tissue
31
what is an abscess?
a localised collection of pus
32
what is pus-producing bacteria called?
pyogenic
33
what happens if acute inflammation persists, non-resolving or may be too prolonged?
chronic inflammation
34
what inflammation is atheroscelerosis? how is it induced?
chronic induced by tissue deposition of lipids/cholestrol
35
4 Features of chronic inflammation
- mononuclear cell infiltration - macrophages - tissue destruction - healing
36
How does Healing Appear?
blood vessel proliferation - angiogenesis granulation tissue
37
Roles of a Macrophage
phagocytic initiate tissue repair - scar or fibrosis secrete inflammatory mediators interact with lymphocytes - present antigen
38
What Is Granulomatous Inflammation?
a distinctive pattern of chronic inflam the bodies response to try contain agents which are difficult to eradicate
39
Name 7 Conditions which can Lead to Granulomatous Tissue.
tuberculosis leprosy syphilis cat-scratch disease sarcoidosis Crohn disease industrial dust exposure
40
How do granulomas appear microscopically?
- aggregation of macrophages - collar of mononuclear leukocytes - giant cells
41
what are the 2 types of giant cells and how do they present?
peripheral nuclei - look like horse shoe = langerhans giant cell - very common with tuberculosis haphazard nuclei = foreign body type
42
Define Resolution
the complete restoration of normal tissue architecture without scarring through regeneration
43
define regeneration
when existing cells or stem cells are proliferating to restore damaged tissues
44
define organisation
replacing damaged tissues using granulation tissue
45
define scar formation
form of tissue repair occurring in tissues unable to regenerate or too severely damaged to adequately support regeneration
46
define fibrosis
the deposition of excessive collagen in response to chronic inflammation or tissue necrosis
47
After inflammation, repair occurs in which two processes ?
regeneration or scar formation
48
define tissue repair
restoration of tissue architecture and function not resolution
49
define regeneration
the proliferation of residual cells within a tissue to restore the damaged tissue
50
what does the ability of a tissue to regenerate depend on? (3)
- intrinsic proliferative capacity - presence of stem cells - integrity of supporting connective tissue framework
51
regarding regeneration and scar formation, what are the differences in origin and end point?
regeneration the process that results in resolution - from mild injury scar formation connective tissue deposition - from severe injury
52
for an example, give two mechanism in which the liver regenerates.
proliferation of existing hepatocytes replacing cells by progenitor stem cells ONLY IF EXTRA-CELLULAR MATRIX IS INTACT
53
what condition from alcohol use leads to scarring of the liver with impaired regeneration and nodules of tissue?
cirrhosis
54
what condition includes scarring of the lungs?
fibrosis - damage to connective tissue
55
what is a scar?
the end result of replacement of any tissue parenchyma by collagen
56
define ischaemia
an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles
57
3 steps in scar tissue formation
inflammation cellular proliferation - angiogenesis - fibroblasts - deposit collagen maturation -granulation tissue formation (organisation) - cellular migration - TGFb in granulation tissue - deposition of connective tissue maybe wound contraction if its a large surface
58
what type of macrophage is involved in scar tissue formation?
M2 alternatively activated macrophage
59
how is angiogenesis regulated?
the release of angiogenic factors stimulate blood vessel growth
60
how does granulation tissue form?
from fibroblast proliferation
61
what is the process of wound contraction
fibroblasts convert into - myofibroblasts like smooth muscle and contract
62
what is the purpose of wound contraction
to reduce the wound size
63
what are the two processes which come under cutaneous wound healing?
primary and secondary intention
64
what is primary intention healing?
when the wound is thin, small and little fibrosis
65
what is secondary intention healing?
when the wound is large, clot, more granulation tissue wound contraction
66
what if there is is inadequate granulation tissue formation?
leads to wound dehiscence and ulceration
67
what does excessive formation of tissue repair lead to?
hypertrophic scars keloids
68
in acute inflammation, what does the serum exudate mainly consist of? (2)
fibrinogen immunoglobulins
69
what embolism can only occur in individuals with heart defects?
paradoxical embolisms

YR 3 - Illness and Wellbeing (31 decks)

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